Theory of Consumer Behavior

Section 4 †Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 †UPLB Prepared by T. B. Paris, Jr. December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Valuable for understanding the interest side of the market. Utility †measure of fulfillment got from the utilization of an item †¦. estimation units ? utils Utility ideas ? ? cardinal utility †accept that we can dole out qualities for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , get 100 utils from eating a cut of pizza ordinal utility methodology †doesn't dole out qualities, rather works with a positioning of inclinations. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and negligible utility ? ? Complete utility (TU) †the general degree of fulfillment got from devouring a decent or administration Marginal utility (MU) extra fulfillment that an individual gets from expending an extra unit of a decent or administration. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and minor utility Example (Table 4. 1): Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 20 27 32 3 5 34 30 36 MU â€20 7 5 3 0 - 1 - 4 ? ? ? ? TU, when all is said in done, increments with Q sooner or later, TU can begin falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is expanding, MU > 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? guideline of reducing minimal utility ? As increasingly more of a decent are expended, the procedure of utilization will (sooner or later) yield littler and littler augmentations to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 - 5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ?Up until this point, we have accepted that any measure of merchandise and ventures are consistently accessible for utilization as a general rule, shoppers face imperatives (salary and costs): Limited customers pay or financial plan ? Merchandise can be acquired at a cost ? Some disentangling suspicions ? ? ? ? Consumer’s objective: to augment his /her utility subject to pay requirement 2 merchandise (X, Y) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumer’s salary (I) is given Consumer Equilibrium ? Minimal utility per peso ? extra utility got from spending the following peso on the great MU per peso = PConsumer Equilibrium ? Enhancing condition: MU X MU Y = PX PY ? In the event that MU X MU Y > PX PY ? spend more on great X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Assume: X = fishball Y = siomai ? Accept: PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5. 5 4. 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential ideal positions Combination A: ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Mix B: ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Nearness of 2 potential balance positions recommends that we have to think about salary. To do so let us analyze how much every customer spends for every blend. Consumption per blend ? ? All out consumption = PX X + PY Y Combination A: 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Blend B: 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Situations: If consumer’s pay = 46, at that point the ideal is given by mix A. .†¦Combination B isn't moderate ? In the event that the consumer’s pay = 60, at that point the ideal is given by Combination B†¦. Mix An is moderate however it yields a lower level of utility ? end

“Habit is a great deadener”. In what ways does Waiting for Godot illustrate this idea? Essay

Propensity and routine structure a significant piece of the play Waiting for Godot, by Samuel Beckett. The play, a renowned result of the ‘Theatre of the Absurd’, is portrayed by a round structure which doesn’t lead anyplace, monotonous discourse and a general ludicrousness. It observes two men, Vladimir and Estragon, who spend the whole two acts hanging tight for Godot. The schedules they create all through the play are for the most part an aftereffect of their endeavors to take a break. Propensities, for example, tinkering with articles and recounting stories become some portion of their everyday practice and appear to be a decent method to traverse the pausing. Be that as it may, as Vladimir himself says, â€Å"habit is an incredible deadener† (Beckett 105) and in the end their propensities stifle them. The term â€Å"deadener† suggests that the propensities make the characters much progressively exhausted and that as opposed to helping them, they lead to their destruction and make their lives significantly increasingly unimportant. This exposition will examine the propensities created by the different characters and investigate whether they to be sure outline propensities being a deadener. Through this, it will likewise talk about what Beckett is attempting to demonstrate about propensity in human life as a rule. One propensity that is created in Waiting for Godot by both Estragon and Pozzo is tinkering with objects. This propensity is depicted for the most part through the stage headings and is hence visual activity rather than words. Estragon utilizes items, for example, his boot so as to breathe easy. â€Å"Silence. Estragon is tinkering with his boot again† (Beckett 37). In this stage bearing, Beckett places Estragon’s fiddling inside a quiet which shows how he attempts to fill the void by playing with his boot. This propensity is framed out of fatigue and along these lines intended to ease it. Through this, Beckett is by all accounts remarking on how individuals depend on propensities so as to give their lives importance and security. Be that as it may, rather than making life additionally fascinating, the continued fiddling just strengthens the tedium in the play making the characters much increasingly exhausted. Pozzo then again fiddles for the most part with his watch, â€Å"cuddling his watch to his ear [†¦] he returns his watch in his pocket† (Beckett 37). He more than once takes his watch out, counsels it, takes care of it, and gets it out again in a routinely way. He doesn't just do this to sit back; it is likewise a route for him to demonstrate his prevalence through the material items he claims. It is significant for him to constantly declare his capacity and position. In any case, rather than giving him power, this propensity inevitably adds to his destruction. In the subsequent demonstration, Pozzo gets visually impaired and loses all his capacity. A second path for Pozzo to demonstrate his capacity and look for consideration is by performing which likewise gets constant. At a few events, Pozzo takes on another job and starts acting so as to engage the others and become the focal point of consideration. He ordinarily performs sensational monologs, â€Å"tirelessly deluges of red and white light it starts to lose its effulgence† (Beckett 38). This sentence plainly shows his smooth style picked to dazzle his crowd and again demonstrate his predominance. The shifted language structure of this specific discourse, running from convoluted beautiful sentences to short unrefined expressions, makes it intriguing to his crowd and shows how he is to be sure acting. Each time he takes on a job, he guarantees that everybody is focusing on him since that is his definitive objective. Schedules are a path for individuals to characterize themselves by what they constantly do. Be that as it may, once more, this propensity ends up being a deadener which is outlined by Pozzo’s abrupt difference in status in the subsequent demonstration. Out of nowhere he is visually impaired and nobody focuses on him any longer. He more than once requests help however nobody reacts and this demonstrates how his propensities stifled him. A comparative propensity to that of performing is recounting stories. It is one of the principal propensities to be presented in the play and is again a path for them to occupy the time. In the start of the play, Vladimir endeavors to recount to his first story, however Estragon over and again intrudes on him: â€Å"two cheats, executed simultaneously as Our Savior. One â€/our what?† (Beckett 6). This propensity is very nearly a prompt deadener as it neglects to accomplish its objective of taking a break and giving them something to do. Estragon’s interferences sabotage Vladimir’s abilities as a narrator and transform the narratives into inane, roundabout discussions. Rather than narrating turning into a daily schedule to give their lives meaning, it turns into a support of the negligibility of their reality demonstrating that they aren’t going anyplace. None of the schedules or propensities they create is making a difference. They are in reality doing the inverse and exacerbating things. They are as yet stuck sitting tight for Godot and consistently will be. Holding up in itself could be considered as a stifling propensity. It is certainly the overwhelming propensity in the play as they are consistently pausing. The expression â€Å"we’re sitting tight for Godot† (Beckett 51), which additionally motivates the title, is the most rehashed sentence in the whole play. The way that it is rehashed so often shows how frantic and negligible their circumstance has become. The reiteration of the expression accentuates its significance to the general play in light of the fact that despite the fact that it is straightforward, it summarizes the sum of the play. This propensity is apparently the most stifling of all as it keeps them from leaving and going on with their lives. It compels them to wait and consequently removes all the importance from their reality, reducing them to minor observers as opposed to participators throughout everyday life. A last propensity that Estragon and Vladimir create is that of remaining together. In remaining together, they endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from the uncertainty of being desolate and attempt to utilize each other to affirm that their lives do have meaning. â€Å"I felt lonely†, says Vladimir when Estragon nods off (Beckett 10). This straightforward sentence is the very embodiment of why they build up the propensity for remaining together. Despite the fact that Estragon is truly there, Vladimir has nobody to converse with any longer and this disturbs him. They need each other regardless of whether they don’t consistently get along so as to affirm each other’s presence. At the scarcest danger of being disregarded, they alarm and in this manner remain all together of need. The above citation conjures sentiment in the crowd as they understand how solid their dependence has arrived another and accordingly how low they have sunk as people. They are attempting to stay away from instability through their propensities, yet Beckett is inferring this is unthinkable and that propensities will prompt tedium and irrelevance in your life. Rather than benefitting from one another, remaining together keeps them from pushing ahead and in this way stifles them. Propensity is surely a deadener and Waiting for Godot outlines this from multiple points of view. Every one of the four characters in the play have been stifled by their propensities and rather than their standard sparing them, they caused their ruin. It appears as though Beckett is attempting to outline how propensity influences individuals in actuality. It is unavoidable as individuals to create propensities. It is practically similar to a characteristic system with the end goal for us to maintain a strategic distance from ludicrousness throughout everyday life. Be that as it may, Beckett suggests, one needs to acknowledge silliness as it is a piece of life. Propensities won’t give us the security we need, they will just carry tedium and inevitable stifling to our lives as occurred in Waiting for Godot. This have is clearly influence of absurdist theater and along these lines a distortion, anyway Beckett is by all accounts relating it to genuine to a limited degree. He is by all accounts encouraging to keep from creating propensities and rather acknowledge the irregularity that unavoidably goes with life. Work refered to: Beckett, Samuel. Sitting tight for Godot. Forest Press: New York, 1982.

Racism in America and the Struggle for Equal Opportunity Essay

Prejudice has made uncommon harm throughout the years and proceeds with mess major up in today’s society. Bigotry is segregation or partiality dependent on race or ethnicity. Prejudice shows from numerous points of view including negative musings and racial slurs. Prejudice incorporates these pieces of dislike, yet additionally injurious conduct and serious segregation. This serious segregation influences people’s families, employment, and capacity to succeed. In spite of the fact that prejudice has not been totally abrogated, the United States has gained some ground as a nation to improve race relations. The U.S. is done having common wars over bondage and more non-white individuals are accessing lucrative, progressively significant, and incredible positions. While one may recognize that bigotry has improved enormously from Civil War times, they should likewise appreciate that there is considerably more work to be done in America to improve our relations among races with the goal that the playing field is leveled for everyone. A definitive objective is to have equivalent open door among all races and ethnicities. There is as yet institutional prejudice where it makes it hard for ethnic minorities to progress. For instance, non-white individuals are underrepresented in the U.S. Congress, on Wall Street, and in driving enormous organizations and associations. To arrive at this extreme objective of equivalent chance, individuals must be capable perceive their own biases. Numerous people subliminally have partialities against other people who are not the same as them somehow or another. When individuals can recognize their own partialities, at exactly that point can a general public started to change people’s hearts and psyches.

The Application Master s College Essay Samples Diaries

The Application Master 's College Essay Samples Diaries The purchase price depends upon the size and urgency. Actually, prior to making an order it is possible to secure a price quote on your essay. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely count on the instructions offered to you. Be certain your essay explains everything the reader has to know to comprehend what you were facing. Generally speaking, the very first, setup, section of the essay ought to be shorter, because it is not going to be focused on what you were doing. Because this essay will necessarily have to devote some time on other folks, you should locate a great proportion of them-time and me-time. In this instance, attempt to hit the minimal words required and be sure that the essay you will write is packed with relevant info and beneficial details. One of the most difficult facets of college life is finances. We wish to get acquainted with your quirks and your personal personality traits,'' he states. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to tackle your essay question. It doesn't matter to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. When you start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person that you're. You are going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and the moment you opt to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. This defining experience also taught me I can really make a difference. These instances may lead to rush decisions like writing a college essay immediately without reading the instructions that are made by the academic institution. For a beginning, the typical application essay topics need you to use language that's totally free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. These forms of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. The essay is intended to be a revealing look within your ideas and feelings. These seven sample essays respond to a range of thought-provoking questions. The very first step to any essay writing is to choose a subject of interest. Just enable the ideas come out. There are a few things you can do in your essay to be noticed and get accepted. For more help, have a look at our article on creating fantastic tips for your essay topic. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting sections of applying to college. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a portion of their first requirements. When writing a scholarship application, it's critical to accentuate how it is possible to add to the college you're aiming for. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. The Common Application allows you to apply to more or less 700 distinct colleges. Advanced training in such a nation is very quickly turning into a need from the industry enterprise team in place of an extravagance. Work with your students to assist them with this important part of their application. Your application essay will be able to help you stick out from the remainder of the candidates and get noticed by the admission board. The expanding popularity of the net has played a big part within this paradigm shift, as a result of simple fact that papers are now able to be placed online quickly for the world to see. As you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. In case you realize the vocation way you'd like to just take you can come across a two-year diploma application that could have you out of college along with in a work noticeably sooner than a four-year software will allow. The Hidden Facts on Application Master's College Essay Samples It's simple to p oint out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. Or you'll be able to view 18 essays all on a single page. Before you commence writing your college essay, you may choose to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so that you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay you will create. Put some personality in your essay. At our essay support, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. An essay can be entirely heartfeltand terrible. Sometimes it is simpler to compose the whole essay, then think about the ideal introduction. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can depend on us to deliver.

MLKs Speech and Its Effect on Local Civil Rights Movement

MLKs Speech and Its Effect on Local Civil Rights Movement The white man won’t hand out integration on a silver platter. The history of the civil rights is often told on the national scale or following well-known figures and direct-action events such as the sit-in campaign and Rosa Parks’ famous stand on a Montgomery bus. More recently, historians have focused their research on the local level, revealing events that are not prominent, but integral to the larger scale history of civil rights in the United States. Although national power determined the â€Å"deliberate speed† of desegregation legislation, local communities determined the actual speed in which they would be enforced. Some communities pressed for immediate social change†¦show more content†¦Following the momentum of the boycott, King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with the purpose of enabling â€Å"the region’s Negro leaders to plan activities parallel to those of the NAACP.† The first goal of the organization was to register two million new Negro voters before the 1960 presidenti al election and King began the summer of 1958 travelling to spread the message of equality and nonviolence throughout the nation. One week prior to King’s speech in Columbus, his request to meet with President Dwight Eisenhower in order to address the President’s â€Å"recent plea for continued patience† and previous promises â€Å"to meet with Negro leaders† was accepted, and the conference enjoyed moderate media attention. On May 29, 1958, King, along with Lester Granger of the National Urban League, Roy Wilkins of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, shared time with the President to discuss the rights of Negro Americans. The meeting was ultimately unproductive and King immediately assessed the meeting with Eisenhower: â€Å"I think he believes it would be a fine thing to have an integrated society but I think he probably feels that the more you push it, the more tension it will create so you just wait 50 or 100 years and it will work itself out. I don’t think he feels like being a crusader for integration.† Although King was clearly despondent about

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay - 1546 Words

Their Eyes Were Watching God Often in stories of self-realization and self-love, there is an incident that is often overlooked. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, such is the case. While many people tend to believe that Janie’s relationship with Teacake was the central time when she realized who she was, Her marriage with Joe Starks is often ignored in the big picture. Janie realized what she didn’t want and not to settle and that helped her accept Teacake later on in the book. Jody’s ideals did not mesh with a Janie and caused a lot of conflict. Throughout their twenty-year marriage, three events symbolized the rift between Jody and Janie; The first was his refusing to allow Janie to speak at the towns opening ceremony,†¦show more content†¦This was the first of many times when Jody would refuse to allow Janie to speak in public. He also banned Janie from participating in the gossip that went on at the stoop. Janie always wanted to at least be able to participate in those, but Jody forbade her. He considered it lowly and something that a woman of Janie’s stature should be above. â€Å"†¦Ah can’t see what uh woman of your stability would want tuh be treasurin’ all dat gum-grease from folks dat don’t even own de house dey sleep in†¦They’s jus’ some humans playin’ round de toes of Time† (54). Jody continued to refuse Janie to socialize with the town. After Jody freed the mule and it passed, He didn’t even allow her to go to the draggin-out. Even though the main reason he bought that mule was because of Janie’s reaction to the way they treated the poor animal. Socially, Jody smothered Janie an did not allow her to participate in any activities outside of the store and that forced Janie to bottle up a lot of emotions and other feelings. Another one of the things Jody did that really hurt Janie was when Joe would constantly ridicule her and the like. Essentially, Joe made remarks about Janie not being able to think for herself as well as other little sarcastic, ignorant comments. And Jody actually believed things like women cant think for themselves. â€Å"Dat’s cause you need tellin’†¦somebody got to think for women and chillins and cows. I god, they sho don’t think none themselves†Show MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1064 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant than death. In Zora Neale Hurston’s famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character Janie Crawford is plagued by the deaths of loved ones. Janie moves from caregiver to caregiver searching for true love and happiness, only to have it stripped away from her once she finds it in her third husband Tea Cake. At the end of the novel, having realized true love and loss, Janie is a whole woman. Their Ey es Were Watching God portrays the growth of the human spirit through both the emotionalRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1780 Words   |  8 Pagesshort story â€Å"Sweat† and novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the focus is on women who want better lives but face difficult struggles before gaining them. The difficulties involving men which Janie and Delia incur result from or are exacerbated by the intersection of their class, race, and gender, which restrict each woman for a large part of her life from gaining her independence. Throughout a fair part of Zora Neal Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie’s low class create problemsRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God932 Words   |  4 PagesJanie Crawford: The Woman Whose Clothing Conveys Her Relationships In Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, the protagonist, Janie, endures two marriages before finding true love. In each of Janie’s marriages, a particular article of clothing is used to symbolically reflect, not only her attitude at different phases in her life, but how she is treated in each relationship. In Janie’s first marriage with Logan Killicks, an apron is used to symbolize the obligation in her marriage. â€Å"Read More Eyes Were Watching God Essay711 Words   |  3 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God provides an enlightening look at the journey of a quot;complete, complex, undiminished human beingquot;, Janie Crawford. Her story, based on self-exploration, self-empowerment, and self-liberation, details her loss and attainment of her innocence and freedom as she constantly learns and grows from her experiences with gender issues, racism, and life. The story centers around an important theme; that personal discoveries and life experiences help a person findRead MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1061 Words   |  5 PagesDivision: Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God was written in 1937 by Zora Neale Hurston. This story follows a young girl by the name of Janie Crawford. Janie Crawford lived with her grandmother in Eatonville, Florida. Janie was 16 Years old when her grandmother caught her kissing a boy out in the yard. After seeing this her grandmother told her she was old enough to get married, and tells her she has found her a husband by the name of Logan. Logan was a muchRead More Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Book Report 1. Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God 2. Author/Date Written: Zora Neale Hurston/1937 3. Country of Author: 4. Characters Janie Mae Crawford- The book’s main character. She is a very strong willed, independent person. She is able to defy a low class, unhappy life because of these factors, even though the environment that she grew up and lived in was never on her side. Pheoby Watson – Janie’s best friend in Eatonville. Pheoby is the only towns person whoRead MoreWhose eyes were watching God?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhose eyes were watching God? In the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God, Oprah Winfrey manipulates events that happened in the book by Zora Neale Hurston. Oprah morphs many relationships in the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God. She changes the role of gender, and also makes changes in Janie’s character strength. Oprah also changes the symbolism in the movie to where some important symbols in the book change to less important roles. Oprah changes many important events in the book Their Eyes WereRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesTHEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD ESSAY  ¬Ã‚ ¬ Janie Crawford is surrounded by outward influences that contradict her independence and personal development. These outward influences from society, her grandma, and even significant others contribute to her curiosity. Tension builds between outward conformity and inward questioning, allowing Zora Neal Hurston to illustrate the challenge of choice and accountability that Janie faces throughout the novel. Janie’s Grandma plays an important outward influenceRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God921 Words   |  4 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God An Analysis So many people in modern society have lost their voices. Laryngitis is not the cause of this sad situation-- they silence themselves, and have been doing so for decades. For many, not having a voice is acceptable socially and internally, because it frees them from the responsibility of having to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Hurston Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesHurston In the novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neal Hurston is about a young woman named Janie Crawford who goes on a journey of self discovery to find her independence. The book touches on many themes like gender roles, relations, independence and racism however racism isn’t mainly focused upon in the book which some writers felt should have been. Some felt that the representation of black characters should have been better role models. Zora Hurston’s novel wasn’t like other black literature

Media Content Analysis of Espn free essay sample

ESPN demonstrates how a monopoly works in the contemporary media landscape, a landscape in which the cost of information is diminishing and the necessity of diversified revenue streams is increasing. By distributing content across multiple platforms, like their website, their television programs, their magazine and their mobile applications, ESPN maintains a steady position as the leader in sports news. No competitor has managed to knock ESPN off its horse, primarily because ESPN can outbid practically any other network or media group for content. The media groups of individual sports leagues like Major League Baseball pose an interesting threat to ESPN. These groups develop their own networks designed to produce content for one sport only, like baseball. They’re capable of offering products that ESPN can’t due to the amount and variation of content that ESPN covers. Fortunately for ESPN, the idea of partnering and revenue sharing is appealing to these networks due to ESPN’s wide audience base. What makes ESPN special is their ability to deliver a set of experiences that other networks cannot compete with. When content becomes homogenous between networks, it’s the availability and delivery of the content that makes a difference, and right now, no one delivers sports news like ESPN. In today’s media landscape, it’s extremely difficult to dominate a market. It’s difficult to even stay solvent for many news organizations. Bankruptcy, or the threat of bankruptcy, haunts just about every major newspaper in the country, including the Chicago Tribune, who filed for Chapter 11 at the end of 2008. Broadcast audiences in most large cities are divided up among the big network affiliates like ABC, NBC and FOX, and magazine subscriptions and revenues continue to decline. Despite uncertain times, one media group maintains a monopoly on their market. Often referred to as a â€Å"cartel,† Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) has dominated the sports media industry across multiple platforms for decades. Seemingly always multiple steps ahead of their largest competitors, CBS and NBC Sports, ESPN has developed mobile apps, a network of television channels, a documentary series and other original content that simply overwhelms their audience. Being the â€Å"Worldwide Leader in Sports† comes with its criticisms, of course. ESPN is often accused of biased reporting and engaging in conflicts of interest, notably, their development of the Longhorn Network with the University of Texas. Regardless, consumers turn to ESPN for sports news and content. In their mission statement, they say they endeavor â€Å"To serve sports fans wherever sports are watched, listened to, discussed, debated, read about or played,† and that â€Å"People are our most valuable resource, and care and respect for employees and each other will always be at the heart of our operations. † ESPN is in the unique position of being the people’s champion of the sports media landscape. Since its inception in September of 1979, ESPN has appealed to consumers on a more conversational, personable level than most other sports outlets or media organizations. The network has developed personalities like Chris â€Å"Boomer† Berman and Stuart Scott who involve their audience by combining references to pop-culture with sports. As a result, ESPN has developed as an incredibly strong brand, known for being â€Å"cool. † Competitors like CBS and NBC Sports are certainly well established brands of their own, but their brands aren’t as â€Å"hip† as ESPN. By generating cross-platform content with ESPN the Magazine, ESPN. com and the more recent ESPN ScoreCenter mobile app, ESPN has carved up the sports media landscape to their liking, dictating how information is disseminated. While ESPN has done an amazing job up until now, they face the danger of losing specialized audiences to channels like the MLB Network and NFL Network who siphon off consumers with very specific sports interests. With companies like Major League Baseball Advanced Media (BAM) pioneering new applications like â€Å"MLB at Bat† and inking new television deals that revolutionize the way baseball fans follow the national pastime, ESPN has to be concerned. It’s unlikely ESPN will ever lose all of their broadcasting rights to MLB games, their audience is just too large, but once more baseball fans realize their interests might be better served with MLB. om and the MLB Network, ESPN could see declines in ratings and viewership to programming like. Sunday Night Baseball. In order to prevent that, ESPN has to consider mergers and collaborations. While the MLB might not be interested, yet, ESPN has already reached out to the NFL Network about the possibility of combining their ESPN Classics channel with the NFL Network. By doing so, the long arm of ESPN could bolster viewership and the specialized content of the NFL Network could expand advertising revenues. Whether a similar deal could be made with the MLB Network, which, as the MLBAM case study stated, â€Å"is the gold standard among sports leagues,† is uncertain, but often these specialized networks see themselves as broadcast partners, not competitors of ESPN. By Harold Vogel’s own definition in his text Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis, ESPN is a monopoly. There are no close substitutes for their output, they set prices, and there are barriers that prevent potential competitors from entering the market. In an article that appeared in the Sports Business Journal Daily in 2009 entitled â€Å"Industry wonders who will challenge ESPN,† staff writer John Ourand says that if a competitor were to emerge, they would have to do it between 2011 and 2014, when many of the major sports leagues TV deals expire. Regardless of expiration dates, ESPN is capable of outbidding just about anyone when it comes to content packages. They outbid FOX by $100 million in 2009 to secure the rights to the College Football Bowl Series through 2014. ESPN’s foothold on the sports media landscape is intimidating. Effectively, ESPN has constructed barriers to entry because no one is capable of competing with them on the same level across multiple platforms. Additionally, they’re usually willing to share revenues with other networks if it means increased viewership on their own channels. Vogel defines entertainment as that which produces a pleasurable and satisfying experience and cites Becker (1965) and DeSerpa (1971) for suggesting that the demand for leisure is affected in a complicated way by the cost of time both to produce and to consume. ESPN does a marvelous job maximizing the return on the amount of time spent consuming their products. It takes a mere moment to absorb the final score of the Chicago Bulls game via the ScoreCenter app. It takes just minutes to read an article about the game on ESPN. com and a consumer can spend upwards of thirty minutes watching SportsCenter where they can see highlights of the game and hear an analysis of it. In chapter two of Vogel’s text, it is explained that distribution power trumps control of content: â€Å"The best content in the world is not worth nything if it cannot be made readily available to audiences. † So, what is the result of the strongest distribution power and the best content in the world? The result is ESPN, a monopoly. The breakdown of gatekeeping that has affected so many media companies hasn’t resulted in a loss of control or profitability for ESPN. Instead, ESPN has embraced the greater empowerment of the user that Vogel’s speaks of. Increased â€Å"participation, engagement, connectivity, customization, personalization and collaboration† between users and the content ESPN creates has actually helped ESPN maintain and grow their audience. Viewers now send in videos to SportsCenter that are considered for segments like the â€Å"Top 10† and the â€Å"Not Top 10,† which highlight the best and worst of the week in sports. SportsCenter, ESPN. com and some of their original programming like SportsNation rely heavily on audience polls. SportsNation, in particular, is a program almost completely dedicated to polling fans about topics like the best slam dunks, touchdowns, even the best athlete’s beard (James Harden, Oklahoma City Thunder). By engaging their viewers, ESPN continues to improve the user experience, which Vogel explains is what media companies are actually selling, a set of experiences. Fantasy sports are another experience ESPN is trying to sell. ESPN’s biggest competitor in the fantasy sports market is Yahoo!. It is one frontier where ESPN hasn’t completely dominated, but that doesn’t mean they’re not trying. Fantasy Sports are now incorporated into their original programming, giving the average player insights as to who to â€Å"start† and who to â€Å"bench† for a particular game. It’s just one more way for ESPN to engage their audience and diversify the digital distribution of their products. I think ESPN is an exemplary media content producer. In fact, I aspire to work for them one day. I acknowledge the potential issues associated with being considered a â€Å"cartel,† but I subscribe to the notion that if you can’t beat them, join them. I’m not entirely convinced of their biased reporting, either. ESPN employs a diverse variety of reporters who frequently disagree with one another. Additionally, they have provided a platform for female reporters pioneering their way into sports journalism. The latest irritations from viewers revolve around over-reporting of certain topics, like Tim Tebow and Jeremy Lin. I personally don’t mind. ESPN does an excellent job engaging their viewers, diversifying content across multiple platforms, and embracing and monetizing digital distribution of information. I do think a competitor or two will come along in the near future, but I don’t think the downfall of ESPN is in anywhere in sight. Viewers love ESPN because it feels like home, and no one is ready to move just yet.

The Drinking Age

The minimum legal drinking age is 21 years. Each year thousands of students graduate from high school and in celebration, they hold house parties which include alcohol consumption. Most of these high school leavers are under the age of 21. During this period, there are always numerous debates coming up about whether to lower the legal drinking age or not, however while this is going on, teenagers under 21 become binge drinkers (Seaman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Drinking Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As most of them are under the alcohol buying age, they use illegal means like faking identification to be allowed to buy alcoholic drinks. The government is spending millions of dollars in a campaign to maintain to maintain the MLDA of 21. The government considers 18 year old teenagers as immature and that they are not able to make the right decisions. Legal age of 18 How can the government con sider 18 year olds not mature to make decisions and yet at this age they are considered adults? The very definition of an adult is that one has attained a mature age, which is 18. The key word here is mature, therefore to go against this and say 18 year olds are not mature to make informed choices on alcohol consumption, is going against the law. The legal age makes an individual independent, the teenagers who have attained this age are allowed to move out of their parents’ houses, get jobs and even get married and have their own children. Curtailing alcohol consumption at this age goes against the fundamental rights of the young adults. Military drafting and voting It is so ironical that the government considers 18 year olds adults, when the situations work on their favour, and yet oppose the same young adults when it comes to alcohol. This is a double standard employed by government. If these young adults are not allowed to consume alcohol by virtue of their age, then they should also not be allowed to be drafted in to the military. However, 18 year olds are considered adults who can vote, join the military, hold public offices, be tried as adults; they can hold jobs and are expected to pay taxes. In this sense they are just like any other adults in the society. If they are mature enough to make the decisions to join the military and go to war and even die for their country, then they should also be allowed to consume alcohol. When politicians want to get to office or seek re-election, they do not discriminate against who votes for them, all votes are the same to them.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A large number of the voters going by the recent voting trend seem to be the young adults who have just attained the legal age to vote. They are enthusiastic and ready to exercise their rights. If the politicians expect them to make the right choices when i t comes to voting, then they are adult enough to take alcohol (Wechsler, 2002). Conclusion There is no justification in arguing that the 18 year olds are less tolerant than 21 year olds. In some cases, the situations are reverse. Not all 18 year olds are immature; most of them have developed psychological and analytical character. Prohibiting them from legally buying and consuming alcohol will only promote rebellion and crimes related to alcohol, like driving under the influence of alcohol. References Seaman, B. (2006). Binge: What your college student won’t tell you. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons ltd. Wechsler, H. (2002). Dying to drink: Confronting binge drinking in college campuses. New York: St. Martin’s Press. This essay on The Drinking Age was written and submitted by user Carson H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

herbert hoover essays

herbert hoover essays In early September 1927 share prices on the Wall Street stock market began to slip, unlike the last 7 years when they had been constantly rising. Experienced stockbrokers began to sell their shares because they saw that the prices would probably fall. Normal working class people saw the stockbrokers doing this, and suspected something was going wrong and they began to sell their shares too. Soon after everyone began to panic and were selling their shares as quickly as possible. Prices of shares plummeted and people were selling their shares for anything they could possibly get. Then on Tuesday, 29th of October 1929, 16 410 000 shares were traded in the worst day in history of the New York stock market. No one would buy the shares and everyone was panicking. All shares lost a huge amount of their value and nearly all people, wealthy or poor were hit. Herbert Clarke Hoover started off with nothing in life. His parents died before he was 9 and he was left to be brought up by his uncle who was a Quaker Doctor and his aunt in Oregon. He only stayed in High School till he was 14 then he left for work as an office boy. He became interested in engineering and went to university and graduated with a degree of mining and engineering. In 1908 he set up a mining consultancy company and he became rich. In 1914 Hoover chaired the American Relief Commission, which helped 150000 Americans return home safely from World War One. He was continuously helping Americans during the war, which pleased the people. Hoovers work during the war brought him to the attention of President Harding, who made him secretary of commerce. He continued to hold his position under President Coolidge. Hoover began a series of building projects including Boulder Dam which was renamed Hoover Dam in his honour. Hoover was the natural choice to succeed Calvin Coolidge as president. He stated that every American would have a chicken in every pot, a car in every garage&...

A Love Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A Love Story - Essay Example Interactions increased during the exam revision period as we got to know each other. With each meeting, I started admiring him more and more. He also had a good sense of humor while his smile made me go crazy. I felt drawn towards him as days passed. I also got the vibes that he too was keen to meet me. The next three months were spent in intense exchange of messages. I used to look forward to parties thrown by my friends because that would mean meeting Cheng. It was like as if I wanted there should a party every other day, so attracted I was towards him. About three months later, I decided to express my feelings to him and start a relationship. However, I also prepared myself for rejection from his side – I did not want to break down or shatter my life. So I told myself that even if he does not same feelings for me, we could continue to be good friends. This is because I liked him immensely as an individual and valued his friendship. I did not trust myself so I jotted down al l that I wanted to express and then called him up. I picked up the courage to call him up and â€Å"read† out my feelings, all the while nervous as a wreck. His silence further unnerved me. He then calmly conveyed that he was not ready for any steady relationship yet. A couple of days later we did meet again when we all went to the Adelaide show. While I was trying to be as natural as if nothing had happened, I could sense that he was trying to avoid eye contact with me. At times, he joked as if to cover up his emotions.

Database design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database design - Essay Example From the introduction, I learned that the idea of database management system arose as a result of the unending complexities associated with managing data using spreadsheet. Though the spreadsheet enables on to store various data, it is difficult to manage it because the data in different sheets are disjointed (Brathwaite, 2012). The spreadsheets do not a have tools which enables data which are related to be linked. I also learned about database management systems. These are software package or a set of programs that are used by the people to interact with the database system. These packages were developed because managing the database is a complicated and inherent task. The DBMS enable complete manipulation of the underlying database. The diagrams representing the interaction between the programs, user, database and database management system enabled me to internalize the database design concept. Considering the strength and weaknesses of the database, I realized that database system is inherently important to any organization which uses a computerized system. The advantages outdo the disadvantages by far. The henry books database case is an ideal case study for database design. It provides all the information required in designing a database system. The course also introduced me to relational databases and different low level programming features such as Query-By-Exam (QBE), simple and compound query criteria, database fields, tables and functional. All these are programming features used when designing and developing a database system. I also learned about different features used in manipulating data in the database system. These include and not limited to co sorting, joining tables, the use of update query statements, make table query, delete-table query, select, project data select and normal sets. The case study gave detailed illustrations of these database features. The course also introduced me to

Keyboard and a mouse Essay Example for Free

Keyboard and a mouse Essay The two hardware that I used to produce this website are a Keyboard and a mouse. The need to capture data quickly and accurately has led to a wide range of input devices. For this project there are not many choices of hardware that I could have used other than the mouse and the key board. I could have used some other software such as concept keyboard, graphic table, touch screen, a scanner and a digital camera but these were needed due to the project that I was producing being so simple and did not need the help of these hardware. The advantages and disadvantages of a keyboard and a mouse are: Hard ware Advantage Disadvantage What else could I have used Key board It is very simple to use and comes free with a computer that you get. This has every key and letter place to suet us to give us the most comfort. This it is not wireless and that it cant be moved far form the computer and there are only letters and numbers on it and most of the functions of the keyboard are hidden. It is only in English so other languages could not be typed in by this qwerty keyboard. I could have used a concept keyboard which would have been even simpler to use. Mouse The advantage if using a mouse is that it is very simple to sue and has two buttons. This makes it very easy to use and anyone could easily learn to use this moue. The mouse is very accurate and is very sensitive so that the curser moves to the exact speed and accuracy as you prefer. The mouse could not always be the correct size to make it comfortable to use. The mouse that I used was not wire less and had a rollers ball at the bottom which could mean that the sensitivity of the mouse could decrease as time goes by. I could have used a graphic tablet. This would have been ideal for drawing things such as the logo and for designing the webpage to the actual details that you prefer. Use of Software In this project I used one major software which is called Serif Web Plus. There are many reasons why I choose this website instead of any of the other more famous software that that are out there. One of the main reasons why I chose this software to produce the website was because this is a very easy and simple software to use, This does not have many confusing steps. I preferred this software instead of Microsoft Front Page due to FrontPage being so confusing and so hard to use. Web Plus 9 breaks down the technical barriers, enabling anyone to create their own professional looking site. As with all Serif software, this Web creation superstar is full of features that make it simple, easy-to-use, powerful and quick. With Web Plus enhanced interface, incredible graphic presets, Web design functionality and publishing capabilities it is even possible to create a webpage within two hours. But the longer you take the more detailed and more accurate the web site will be. Software Advantage Disadvantage Serif Web Plus There are many advantages to this software. One of this is that this software is very simple to use and you might even be able to create a finished and a working website in within two hours. Every thing on this software is very easy to access and is very easy to use. One you start using this software you will find out how easy it is to create a website from scratch. There are a lot of variety of choices of colours, pictures, text, buttons and many other shapes that could be used to build your own website. This is one of the easiest web authoring software to create a link that I have come across. Every thing on this software is very simple and the page that you will be creating could only be a size of an A4 sheet. If you use software such as FrontPage you could make the page as long as you desire to fit the information you wish to enter. There a lot of things that you can not do using this software. This software seems to cause a lot of freeze in the computer sometimes and some the functions are too complicated to use or to learn. I could have used Microsoft FrontPage instead of this software but the MHC manager just wanted me to create a simple web page that included everything that they wanted me to include in this. I chose this software over FrontPage for one main reason and that is because of Serif Web Plus being so simple to use and the FrontPage which is very complicated and very advanced software to make a website on. Candidate Name: Niroshan Sivarajah Candidate Number:1177 Centre Name: Archbishop Lanfranc Centre Number: 14334.

An Essay on The Landlady by Roald Dahl -- The Landlady by Roald Dahl

The Landlady by Roald Dahl In the short story â€Å"The Landlady,† Roald Dahl’s use of foreshadowing prepared readers well for the end of the story. He used hints such as describing the outside of the bed and breakfast, giving details of the entry and the bedroom, and also telling the readers about the living room. To begin, Dahl used the outside of the bed and breakfast as a use of foreshadowing. The sign was described to be distinctive. It was portrayed to be luring the boy inside. Dahl used the opening of the door as a hint also. He explained that the woman debouched the door open, which would foreshadow that she was abnormal. The woman also had cheap rent at her bed and breakfast. This would draw potential customers in for her awkward ...

Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove Essay

In Joseph Heller’s novel, Catch-22, and Stanley Kubrick’s film, Dr. Strangelove, the bureaucrats are illustrated as illogical and untrustworthy. Heller’s attention to administrations such as the hospital and the military-establishment are recognized for their unreliable rationality and logic. Similarly, in Dr. Strangelove, Kubrick mocks the absurdities of the nuclear arms race and of the officials of the United States and The Soviet Union as he conveys the malfunction of highly placed government bureaucrats. Catch-22 and Dr. Strangelove, are two satirical and somewhat historical works that effectively comment on the corrupt and perhaps insane bureaucrats. The lives of Yossarian and the men in his squadron in Catch-22 are not determined by their own decisions but instead, by the decisions of the impersonal bureaucracy. The bureaucrats are absolutely oblivious to any attempt the men make to reason with them logically. Major Major, for example, will only see people in his office if he is not there and sends them away when he returns. Doc Daneeka refuses to ground Yossarian for his â€Å"insanity† because Yossarian’s desire to be grounded reveals that he is sane. Doc Daneeka elaborates in his discussion of Orr, Yossarian’s tent-mate. â€Å"Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn’t, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn’t have to; but if he didn’t want to he was sane and had to.† (46) Yossarian and the others in his squadron find that what they say and do has little effect on their fate when the bureaucracy controls them. Their only option is to follow the illogical rules and use what is expected of them to their own advantage. Yossarian’s superiors are more concerned with getting a promotion than they are about winning the war. Colonel Cathcart, the colonel in command of Yossarian’s squadron, tries to impress his superiors by â€Å"bravely† volunteering his men for dangerous combat. Cathcart’s only concern is being promoted to general. Cathcart continually raises the number of combat missions required of the men before they can be sent home. Yossarian argues with Doc Daneeka who explains, â€Å"†¦regulations do say you have to obey every order. That’s the catch. Even if the colonel were disobeying a Twenty-seventh Air Force order by making you fly more missions, you’d still have to fly them, or you’d be guilt y of disobeying an order of his.† (58) Similarly, Dr. Strangelove also criticizes the malfunctions of bureaucracy and the inadequacy of officials. General Jack Ripper gives the command to attack the Soviet Union without permission from his superiors or the president. Instead of discussing the idea of an attack with is supervisors, Ripper orders the attack because, according to him; Clemenceau†¦ said war was too important to be left to the generals. When he said that, 50 years ago, he might have been right. But today, war is too important to be left to politicians. They have neither the time, the training, nor the inclination for strategic thought. I can no longer sit back and allow Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination, Communist subversion and the international Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids. -Criticizes the malfunction of bureaucracy. (Dr. Strangelove) Mr. President’s embarrassment about the issue demonstrates bureaucracy does not function appropriately because those lower in command should not determine the launch of nuclear powers. Further exemplifying the inadequacy of the bureaucrats, the Joint Chiefs in the war room show their unprofessional and blatant prejudice, especially toward the Russians. General Buck Turgidson clearly states, â€Å"I’m beginning to smell a big fat Commie rat,† and later refers to them as â€Å"a bunch of ignorant peons.† The Germans are also referred to when Turgidson, upon learning Dr. Strangelove’s original German name, passes it off as â€Å"†¦a Kraut by any other name.† Dr. Strangelove, the character, also calls into question the reliability of people in power. Strangelove is clearly the Presidents scientific adviser in the war room whose appearance copies the mad scientist stereotype with his wild hair, black gloved hand, and his clearly brilliant yet insane mind. Through their presentation of bureaucracy, Heller and Kubrick display why officials and politicians are unfit to make important decisions concerning the safety of the country. Catch-22 conveys this notion through the bureaucracy’s enforcement of impractical rules and Catch-22’s on the eccentric men in Yossarian’s squadron. Kubrick suggests the same concept in Dr. Strangelove by frequently demonstrating the disorder, madness and prejudice of the officials. In either piece, the reader carries away the certainty of the instability of the men in control of important military and national decisions.

Victorian Sexuality in Stoker’s Dracula, LeFanu’s...

Victorian Sexuality in Stoker’s Dracula, LeFanu’s Carmilla, and Polidori’s Vampyre Literature is representative of the time in which it is produced. Literature can reflect societal views, attitudes, and fears.Vampire literature, in particular, often represents the fears of a society.In the Victorian Era, a time of intense sexual repression, it was common for vampire stories to reflect the fear of sexuality that was rampant in society. Bram Stoker’s Dracula illustrated fears about sexual women in contrast to the woman who respected and abided by society’s sexual norms. Joseph Sheridan LeFanu’s â€Å"Carmilla† represented not only the fear of feminine sexuality, but also the fear of sexuality between women. John William Polidori’s â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Urged by women and the â€Å"code of chivalry,† which was like the â€Å"cult of true womanhood,† men lost sexual access to their wives. Because of this, prostitution flourished. Though men were urged to control themselves, it was understood that desire was â€Å"in a man’s nature,† and therefore very hard for him to control. Sex, therefore, became solely for reproduction in the Victorian Era. Upper class families showed their refinement by not having children, and not having sex. But while the upper classes were showing their good breeding, the lower classes continued to have children. Children were needed in the lower classes because they were assets. Children helped in the house and contributed to farm work, so parents needed to reproduce, unlike parents of the upper class, who had no use for children and saw them only as a liability. As women and men of the upper class became more and more â€Å"refined,† abstinence became the model for good breeding. However, the abstinence trend yielded serious consequences. The upper class began to look as though it would die out, and leave the lower classes to take over society. This was another fear, which set in later in the Victorian Era, which was illustrated in literature. Literature of the Victorian Era was written for the upper class, with their values in mind, because it was the upper class who had the money to buy books and the time to read them.

The Decline Of The Family - 941 Words

The Declining Family Throughout human history individuals around the world, of various ethnic, racial, cultural backgrounds have linked together to form what people call today families. A lot of questions come to mind when contemplating the complex relationship people have. Since families have a direct bearing on society now and on future generations it is essential to take seriously what is happening to the family. Is the American family in decline, and if so what should be done about it? â€Å"Traditionally, family has been defined as a unit made up of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption: live together; form an economic unit, and bear and raise children (Benokraitis, 3).† The definition of decline is to â€Å"fail in strength, vigor, character, value, deteriorate, slant downward.† The traditional nuclear family consists of a father provider, mother-homemaker, and at least one child (Brym and Lie, 252).† The nuclear family is a distinct and universal family form because it performs five important functions in society:sexual regulation, economic cooperation, reproduction, socialization, and emotional support. Research from the 1950 s to the present will emphasize what trends are taking place among American families. Family trends might not have expected Also the areas of: marriage is declining. Individuals are opting for cohabiting rather than marriage. Economic disparity takes it toll on marriage. How macro level factors such as economy,Show MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Nuclear Family1084 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Decline of the Nuclear Family† In 1970, 40% of couples were married with children. 2013 marked a new low as only 19% of household were married with children. A nuclear family is usually described as a heterosexual marriage with the average of 2.5 children, became synonymous with the American dream philosophy in the mid-1940s. The nuclear family standard is rapidly on the decline in the United States. These declining number have a range of causes. The causes of the decline of the nuclear familyRead MoreThe Decline of the Family Farm1811 Words   |  7 PagesGrowing up on a small family wheat farm in southwestern Oklahoma, I have experienced the harsh conditions of farming firsthand. The job that used to employ the largest amount of people in the United States has lost the support and the respect of the American people. The Jeffersonian Ideal of a nation of farmers has been tossed aside to be replaced by a nation of white-collar workers. The family farm is under attack and it is not being protected. The family farm can help the United States economicallyRead MoreThe Decline Of The Nuclear Family932 Words   |  4 Pages5: The Decline of the Nuclear Family In college classes, the traditional nuclear family is defined as a family consisting of one or both parents and their dependent children in a single family unit without any extended relatives (Kendall, 2013). Some sociological perspectives suggest that any departure from what is known as the â€Å"traditional,† or nuclear, family indicates a social problem, while others maintain that the definition of family has simply evolved beyond the nuclear family. Some evenRead MoreFamily Decline vs Family Change3666 Words   |  15 Pages The world has been undergoing great changes in different spheres of life just in the past several decades. One of the most amazing and quick changes seems to be happening within the institution of the family. I have a special interest in this topic, as soon as I witness the radical change going on literally before my eyes: my home country, which was a country with traditional society, after the collapse of the Soviet Union went and is still going through the process of transformation, which introducesRead MoreThe Decline Of Marriage And Family Life1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of a traditional American family has been profoundly changed over the last 100 years. Fewer marriages are forming, divorce rates are higher than ever, and childlessness is much more common. The decline of marriage and family life seems to be the inevitable product of progressive ideas and modern socio-political conditions. Feminist and contemporary liberal critics of marriage and family life appeal to individual rights, liberty, consent, equality, and love as they seek to dismantle andRead MoreThe Declining Population in Europe and the Decline of the Family2232 Words   |  9 Pagesproblematic for the environment and for quality of life. The decline of fertility points to a view of children that is particularly troubling. Europe simply does not want children despite its desperate need for a growing, productive workforce. Certain social factors have had a strong impact on this problem including migration, birth control, the role of motherhood and the economy. Population decline is indicative of the decline of the family in modern society most specifically in Europe. Since 1982Read MoreThe Decline of Traditional Family Being Detrimental to Society517 Words   |  3 PagesThe Decline of Traditional Family Being Detrimental to Society Some people believe that the decline of the traditional family (Nuclear family) is detrimental to society because a lot of people are not socialising. This is one of the basic roles that a traditional family performs for individuals to meet the expectations of society. Only through a family can a person play a full part in society. In addition, society cannot exist without the rules and expectations ofRead MoreExamining the View that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline1344 Words   |  6 PagesView that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline When evaluating the view that the traditional nuclear family (of two opposite sex married parents living in a household that contains only them and their own dependant children), is in decline, I will be taking various pieces of research and evidence from Sociologists, Journalists and other sources, into consideration in order to try to determine how true this view is. The nuclear family would appear to be found internationallyRead MoreDecline of the Traditional American Family: Homosexual Parents1246 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿RS-151 Final Paper Decline of the Traditional American Family: Homosexual Parents The conception that lesbians and gay men may be parents is frequently perceived in today s society as impossible or immoral. Gay men and lesbians are often viewed as excluded from having children because sexual reproduction is related to men and women couples only. My approach to this uniquely controversial topic of gay parenting will be that of attempting to analyze the pro side. Gays and lesbians areRead MoreThe Main Reason For Collapsing Of Roman Empire And America843 Words   |  4 PagesMoreover, moral decline was the main reason for collapsing of Roman Emperor; America suffered the decline of moral value for a long time. In 2015, the decline of the moral is most considerable issue for America because the rate of single-parent families is rising and the greed in the corporations or organizations is increased as the same as Rome. Like the moral value decline in Rome was caused by the fall of father role in the families, America have been suffering from the moral decline because of the

Relationship Between Sexual And Sexual Satisfaction

The Issue: Romantic relationships are a prominent feature in many people’s lives. Some romantic relationships are healthy and others are not. Using the attachment perspective to predict relationship and sexual satisfaction, is an ongoing theme in psychology. The attachment perspective can provide knowledge and research opportunities to better understand the effects of attachment types on romantic relationships. This report specifically focuses on the effects of avoidant attachment individuals. Individuals labeled as avoidant tend to feel uncomfortable with closeness and emotional intimacy (Butzer Campbell, 2008) and are found to be less invested in their relationships and strive to remain independent (Hazan Shaver, 1994). By understanding the negative effects of avoidant attachment in relationships, therapists can help guide couples to a more satisfying relationship. Definitions: Attachment perspective – The quality of infant-parent attachment/quality of caregiving affects a child’s later relationships and emotional state. Three major types – secure, anxious, and avoidant. Avoidant attachment – Caregivers show more rejecting behaviors, display self-comforting strategies in turn the child tends to be independent and less support seeking. What Science Tells Us: Attachment history Attachment, originally proposed by Bowlby, refers to the sensitivity of caregiving. For example, if a mother is consistent and appropriately available for her child, the child forms aShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Sexual Satisfaction And Relationship Satisfaction Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesAssociations Between Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Satisfaction Sex has been viewed as fundamental for most romantic relationships, but sexual gratification and relationship satisfaction have often been examined separately. In more recent years, researchers have explored the association between sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction to gain a better understanding of how couples can obtain happy stable relationship (Schmiedeberg Schrà ¶der 2016). The purpose of this literatureRead MoreSexual Satisfaction And Relationship Satisfaction700 Words   |  3 Pagesfor most romantic relationships, but sexual gratification and relationship satisfaction have often been examined separately. In more recent years researchers have explored the association between sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction to gain a better understanding of how couples can obtain happy stable relationship (Schmiedeberg Schrà ¶der 2016). The purpose of this literature review is to explore the connection between sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfact ion, as well as to inquireRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pageslife regarding their network of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focus in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult’s relationship quality as well as their attachment bond with theirRead MoreSexual and Relationship Needs between the Two Genders620 Words   |  3 Pagespaper will be referring to Dr. Kristen Mark and Sarah H. Murrays’ article, â€Å"Gender Differences in Desire Discrepancy as a Predictor of Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction in a College Sample of Heterosexual Romantic Relationships†. The article was published in the Journal of Sex Marital Therapy, 38:198–215, 2012. Dr. Kristen Mark is currently â€Å"a sex and relationships researcher and assistant professor of health promotion at University of Kentucky, survey director and managing editor at GoodInBed.comRead MoreCorrelation Between Frequency And Sexual Activity886 Words   |  4 Pagesfrequency are positively and significantly correlated with both relationship and sexual satisfaction. It was also to clarify the question,†Which metric provides more information about relationship outcomes?† The study uses a sample of men and women in same-sex and mixed-sex relationships to achieve a wide sample of participants. There are many group differences, such as the amount of sexual activities being performed and the varied types of sexual acts being executed, which makes this a diverse study. SinceRead MoreIntimacy Between The Older Aged Adults960 Words   |  4 Pages Today, there is still scarce knowledge, as well as concrete information, about the intimacy between the older aged adults. It is known that intimacy can be portrayed as a key element to a couple’s marital contentment and/or satisfaction in the relationship. This research topic covers a relatively gray area within the older community since these individuals are faced with multiple barriers that could possibly combat with their ability to show intimacy, or affection, with their partner. With a focusRead MoreSexual Activity Between Couples And Dating1455 Words   |  6 PagesSEXUAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN COUPLES AND DATING Counseling couples is a focus that I am seeing in my near future. When I decided that this is what I want to do, I grew a curiosity for all things involving counseling couples. I developed an interest in sexual activity and its impact on relationships. The word sex is used to refer to an assortment of sexual activities and can mean different things to different people. People typically converse about sex when talking about penetrative sex. The act of sexRead MoreSexual Activities And The Relation Between Frequency Of Sex And Happiness1737 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most common questions associated with sexual activities is in regard to the relation between frequency of sex and happiness. Does more sex lead to greater happiness? Although this looks like a simple question at first, it has been the center of numerous studies and debates for many years, and it is proven to be a complex and often fascinating matter to be investigated. For a very long time, the traditional point of view offered a simple â€Å"yes† answer to this question – by saying that moreRead MoreThe Consequential Pleasures of Pornography707 Words   |  3 Pagesin a relationship, has a negative correlation with the self-esteem of the women and their perception on relationship quality, and sexual satisfaction. The second central question investigated in this study questions whether the womens self-esteem can reveal a connection between the males rate and intensity of porn consumption with the relationship quality and sexual satisfaction in the relationship. The third question is similar to the latter question where the length of the relationship is theRead MoreOnline Psychology Program At Southern New Hampshire University1089 Words   |  5 PagesBrief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS) (Hendrick, Hendrick, Reich, 2006), a 23-item questionnaire, was designed to measure multi-dimensional attitudes towards sex. The scale is a modified version of the original Sexual Attitudes Sca le. For the current study, the Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale will be modified and shortened. The scale is made up of the following four subscales: Permissiveness, Birth Control, Communion, and Instrumentality. Some of the items refer to a specific sexual relationship, while

Counseling Pleasant or Positive Emotions

Question: Write about the Counseling for Pleasant or Positive Emotions. Answer: Introduction Happiness is emotional or mental wellbeing that can be termed by pleasant or positive emotions varying from satisfaction to passionate joy (Helliwell et al., 2013). When an individual is mentally happy, it can also reflect the judgments of a person on their general wellbeing. On the other hand, religious and philosophers see happiness regarding living better life rather than only being emotion. Psychologist finds happiness as experiences regular positive emotions, like as joy, curiosity and conceit, unconstructive emotions, like as sorrowanxietyandanger(Csikszentmihalyi, 2013). Happiness has also been indicated tolink to life fulfillment, enjoyment of life, periods of delight, but in general, it has to do with the constructive encounters of emotions. How Happiness can be Measured Psychologists have sought ways to measure happiness to look at happiness via scientific methods (Pavot, 2014). It is done to measure the satisfactions which can be utilized to bring a comparison of one group of individuals with another and also track those people within a given time to evaluate the impact of life interventions. However, these evaluations focus on the emotions and the way people assess their lives. Subjective well-being forms on of the important idea in positive psychology. It is defined as the assessments of emotions or moods and individuals life. Subjective well-being consists of three sections, negative effects, benefits and life satisfaction (Jacobsson, Lexell, 2016). Positive and negative impacts have jutted the moods and emotions. Satisfaction is the assessment of the life of an individual such as the conditions in the life, how close is one with ideal life, if a person has gotten crucial things in the life and if one will make a difference in life. All these steps target to evaluate the life satisfaction. Also, it is very crucial to point out that the life satisfaction is more than the sum of emotional wellbeing within a given period; for example, habitually happy people can be satisfied with their education despite the fact that they might feel moderately pleased with some particular arts such as classes or books. Many researchers utilize satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) to evaluate the life contentment. However, positive and negative affect schedule PANAS is employed to assess the negative and positive influence (Corrigan et al., 2013). Another option is to track the positive and negative impact during the day, half an hour and also life fulfillment during the conclusion of each and every day. By doing this, one will get a vivid understanding of the specific activities one provides the mainly emotional wellbeing. Also, one of the best ways which one can do this is setting an alarm at an interval of 30 minutes. To evaluate the affect, one can use 0 to 3 scales to the queries such as do you feel negative or positive emotions now? The closed answerers could be 0; not all at all; 1 a little; 2 somewhat; 3: strongly. After all this, it is important to describe and elaborate specific positive or negative emotion one is feeling (Toms et al., 2015. Also, for the tracking process to be excellent, it is very crucial to utilize categories such as the, socializing, working, doing housework and much more especially when describing things that an individual is doing. However, it is also critical to develop categories which suit the activities of the life of an individual and also the ones which outlined the needs of a person. Eventually, it is very crucial to write down how a person is satisfied with the life. Furthermore, it is advisable to use a scale like, very pleased, dissatisfied, moderately satisfied, slightly dissatisfied, neither dissatisfied, somewhat satisfied and very satisfied. It is also important to maintain this particular regime for some weeks and checking the trends which emerged, the deeds that make an individual happy, the ones which bring happiness and also the days which a person is not satisfied. Role of Positive Psychology in Promoting Happiness The positive psychology concentrates on civilizing the universal quality of life in persons, contrary to improving upon possible human flaws, which has been the aim of conventional psychology (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). The positive psychology try to refute the hedonic treadmill theory of human happiness, which states that every person has a place point of happiness, that is near to impartiality, which modifies for short durations, reflecting life situations, but ultimately returns to objectivity A positive psychologist has come up with different ways that happiness of an individual can be facilitated, for instance, friends, family, social organization, social ties and work networks. The hedonic wellbeing outlines that increased pleasure and reduction in pain contributes to happiness. The concept of hedonic is grounded on the notion of subjective wellbeing. It encompasses effective components which are high low negative and high positive affect and satisfaction with life. It is also based on the fact that a person goes through happiness when satisfaction with life and positive affect are high. In regards to eudaimonic well-being, happiness builds on the structure that persons are contented if they encounter life function growth and challenges (Rysamb Nes, 2016). The very strategy accommodates the self-determination theory to conceptualize contentment. This theory pointed out that happiness is linked to accomplishment in the parts of independence and competence. Through engagement in eudaimonic pursuits, happiness will happen as a product. It appears that happiness does not occur from pleasure pursuit but from the growth of strengths of an individual and also the qualities which link with an idea of positive psychology. The past emotions are adamant on the present and future of an individual. People have strong bitter feelings on things which happen in some time back have a feeling of regret on the deeds which have passed, and they carry them to the present life (Power, 2015). Many people believe that their past will determine their future and they led it to control them. Also, studies indicate that negative actions which happened during childhood have very little happiness on the adulthood happiness. Using positive psychology, individuals can be trained to modify these feelings on the past into joy and satisfaction. To perform this, the appreciation and clemency ought to be cultured in persons. Positive psychology has developed an understanding of the attributes and qualities of wellbeing. However, personality traits show that happy and unhappy individuals have different profiles (Donaldson et al., 2015). For instance, happy people seem to have extroverted, hopeful and high self-esteem. However, happiness is contributed by positive and negatives undertakings in our lives, and this has contributed to the fact that extraverts have a better fit to the social environments which can aggravate emotions of happiness. Also, they are likely to experience more happiness as compared to introverts. Application of Positive Psychology Techniques to Promotion off Happiness Getting into Flow Individuals in flow are ecstatic and are not stressed even when performing a challenging job. They lose themselves in the job they like and feel out of time; it has been found that their brains work precisely, efficiently and interestingly (Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). Managers should ensure that workforce's key performance determinants get defined. This is because flows happened when jobs are aligned with individuals objectives. Appraisal Happiness is facilitated particularly when a person gets a positive reward. By rewarding an individual who has performed certain work is a positive approach which promotes happiness and that individual will be in a position to do better work in future (Sheldon Lucas, 2014). For instance increasing salary among healthcare workers makes them happy individuals since most of the needs will be fulfilled and they will get satisfied. In schools, students who get a positive complement from teachers for performing particular work will be happy and will assist the student to work hard to do it better. Smiling Techniques Positive psychology believes that people who smile due to cultivating positive thoughts can improve their mood (Sheldon Lucas, 2014). By developing and recalling the past experiences especially pleasant memories improves happiness and drives away the bad moods. The Dynamic Spread of Happiness If individual lives with people who are always happy will likely be happy too. However, by doing so will have an impact on the future life where the person will be even happy irrespective of the problems faced (Sheldon Lucas, 2014). Savoring Interventions It is not easy to find happiness in life. Researchers have found ways which can be utilized to savor positive experiences through valuing their positive encounters (Sheldon Lucas, 2014). It is done via valuing their ongoing positive experiences and also through anticipating the positive events in future. Empathy-Related Interventions Empathy encompasses the inner feedback on what we learn or see or what happen to another person. It develops understanding and kindness (Sheldon Lucas, 2014). The empathy interventions assist comprehension on other people and later extend forgiveness, acts of kindness and compassion. Creative Interventions This encompasses development of new useful information. It enhances technology and culture, also, positive psychology is linked to creativity as it associated with the approach of human flourishing and also the factors which assist people to survive and have a better living(Sheldon Lucas, 2014). Also, they boost individual's resilience and offer more flexibility and choice to their lives. Conclusion Happiness forms a significant aspect of an individual wellbeing. Through positive psychology, happiness can be achieved. It is facilitated particularly when a person gets a positive reward. Also, actions which happened during childhood have very little happiness on the adulthood happiness References Corrigan, J. D., Kolakowsky-Hayner, S., Wright, J., Bellon, K., Carufel, P. (2013). The satisfaction with life scale.The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation,28(6), 489-491. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013).Flow: The psychology of happiness. Random House. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Learning,flow, and happiness. InApplications of Flow in Human Development and Education(pp. 153-172). Springer Netherlands. Donaldson, S. I., Dollwet, M., Rao, M. A. (2015). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: Examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology.The Journal of Positive Psychology,10(3), 185-195. Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. (2014). World happiness report 2013. Jacobsson, L., Lexell, J. (2016). Life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury: comparison of ratings with the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LiSat-11) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS).Health and quality of life outcomes,14(1), 10. Pavot, W. (2014). Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (TSWLS). InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 6609-6611). Springer Netherlands. Power, M. (2015).Understanding Happiness: A Critical Review of Positive Psychology. Routledge. Rysamb, E., Nes, R. B. (2016). Genes, Environments and Core Features of Eudaimonic Wellbeing. InHandbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being(pp. 233-252). Springer International Publishing. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014).Positive psychology: An introduction(pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Sheldon, K. M., Lucas, R. E. (Eds.). (2014).Stability of happiness: Theories and evidence on whether happiness can change. Elsevier. Toms, J. M., Gutirrez, M., Sancho, P., Romero, I. (2015). Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) by gender and age in Angola.Personality and Individual Differences,85, 182-186.

Understanding the Significance of Performance Appraisal Systems

Question: Describe the significance of performance appraisal systems in enhancing employee performance and overall organisational efficiency. Answer: Introduction In todays organisations, performance appraisal has become a vital human resource practice and has considerable impact on employee motivation, commitment and overall performance (Armstrong, 2012). The effectiveness of a performance appraisal system depends on how well it is linked to organisational goals and performance objectives, and how well its purposes are accepted, understood and strived to be achieved by organisational members(Neely, 2007). A favourable and effective performance appraisal system will have a positive impact on employee workplace behaviour, attitude towards work and workmates and on overall organisational efficiency. Major Stakeholders involved and their perception about the existing performance appraisal system Stakeholders are individuals and groups that are interest in the business and are affected by activities of the business (Brown, et al., 2013). Stakeholders can have considerable impact on companys objectives actions and policies. Key stakeholders within an organisation are owners, investors, managers, suppliers, partners, workers, customers, society and the environment(Paladino, 2011). Workers and Managers are the two main stakeholders identified in the case. Workers who are being rated perceive the current performance appraisal system as unfair and forced. According to them they are not being rated as per their performance but based on the type of relationship they share with their managers. Workers perceive the current performance appraisal system as a source of conflict. Once they get to know each others ratings there is a considerable change in their behaviour towards their co-workers. It gives rise to feelings of envy and reluctance to communicate and cooperate. Workers who are rated 3 feel highly de-motivated as they feel they are average performers, and so most of them quit the company. Workers how are rated 5, express that managers should lenience while treating employees who belong to a union, when it comes to termination and salary hikes in comparison to employees who are non-union members. Thus, workers at Yarra Bank perceived its performance appraisal system as a system that is based on favouritism and not on performance evalu ation. Managers who are responsible for rating their employees perceive the performance appraisal system as unfair and a source of conflicts and ill feeling, as it forces them to divide their employees in five different ranks. Managers who are politically more powerful refuse to follow the system and rank anyone as a 4 or 5 as they feel their department is different and most of their workers deserve to be rated as stars or starlets. Managers who follow the performance appraisal system strictly feel their workers are disadvantaged as an outcome. Managers feel that owing to a lack of training, promotion and some loop holes in the performance appraisal system it is failing to deliver desired results and enhance employee motivation and performance; rather it has become the primary source of tension, conflicts and dissatisfaction among managers and workers of Yarra Bank. A number of external and internal environmental factors affect the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems at Yarra Bank such as Union government, culture of the organisation and workers and managers attitude towards the system. Strengths and weaknesses of current performance appraisal system Strengths A performance appraisal system evaluates employees based on their performance over a specific period of time(Cooper Burke, 2011). They help management differentiate between performers and non-performers and accordingly make important decisions regarding salary increments and promotions. It helps the management in designing improvement plans and relevant training and development programs for non-performers(Deeprose, 2006). Performance appraisal systems play a very vital role in enhancing overall organisational efficiency by increasing employee motivation and performance. Performance appraisal system at Yarra Bank is a five-level system that used a forced-ranking distribution. It presence somewhere motivates employees to deliver good performance as they would not like themselves to be ranked as 4 or 5. Also, as the rating allocated by the performance appraisal system has direct influence on salary hikes and bonuses employee make best efforts to deserve a rating of 1, 2 or 3. As it is a forced ranking distribution systems it require managers to evaluate their employees very closely and then provide relevant ratings to them(Truss, et al., 2013). It helps managers know their employees better and accordingly allocate tasks to them. It also facilitates development of a competitive organisational culture where employees continuously strive to deliver high performance to stay ahead of each other(Shields, 2007). The current performance appraisal system helped managers in monitoring the activities of workers and show them their weak points which would not have been possible otherwise. Weaknesses As depicted in the case study the current performance appraisal was a forced ranking distribution system. No pre-performance appraisal meetings were conducted by managers to discuss performance criteria with workers and their performance over the last year(Saks, et al., 2010). Post-performance appraisal meetings were also not conducted to discuss ratings with individual employees, receive their feedbacks and plan further improvements The company had not defined clear performance targets and expectations. Roles, responsibilities, work duties, accountabilities and activities related to performance appraisal systems were not clarified(Paladino, 2011). It became difficult for managers as well as employees to measure and deliver results when desired results were capricious or unclear. The current performance appraisal system failed to establish effective ways in which results are to be measured and evaluated, thus making is appear as an unfair system where workers were rated based on managers favouritism(Zaffron Logan, 2011). No training was provided to managers or workers on how the performance appraisal system actually functioned(Zaffron Logan, 2011). Managers were not trained in their responsibilities for completing performance appraisal and employees were not trained to clarify work expectations. No efforts were made to communicate the benefits of having a performance appraisal system to workers and managers and how it can influence performance of the organisation as a whole. Also, the current performance appraisal system, failed to maintain the confidentiality of ratings allotted to different employees, which resulted in conflicts among workers and managers. Recommendations for improving the performance appraisal system In order to make the performance appraisal system more effective and derive desired results, it is important to make considerable improvements in it. Firstly, it is needed to design specialised training program for both managers and workers, in order to provide them complete knowledge about the functionality of the system (Barrows Powers, 2008). Secondly, it is important to link the performance appraisal system to desired organisational goals and objectives. During this step performance criteria should be finalised and it must be different for different departments. Performance targets must be clearly defined for all five ratings and it is important to ensure that these performance targets do not overlap. Thirdly, performance criteria must be made transparent to all managers and employees and they must be well trained to enquire about the performance criteria (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). In this step it is also important to effectively communicate the benefits of using performance a ppraisal systems to workers and managers. The purpose of using a performance appraisal system should be clearly defined and communicated showing how it will be beneficial for the workers and managers as well as for the organisation as a whole. Fourthly, it is important to define strict deadlines for each step in the performance appraisal system. For example, employees and managers must be informed at least 30 days before the beginning of performance appraisal process. This will give both workers and managers to prepare point they want to discuss and consider while reviewing worker performance. On the first day of the performance appraisal process a self-evaluation form must be provided to employees, which they have to fill and submit to their manager at least 15 days before the evaluation meeting. Evaluation meeting with workers must be completed before fifteen days the final ratings are shared with employees. The performance appraisal process should end with the post evaluation mee ting where employees feedback must be collected, along with their level of satisfaction with their ratings and how they will be planning improvements in the coming year. Maintaining the confidentiality of ratings allocated to different employees is the most important element of any performance appraisal system. Any violation to confidentiality of rating should be considered a violation of ethical code of conduct leading to termination of the employee. Employee and managers must ensure that they do not share any information related to rating provided to individual employees. Consequences of violating this ethical code of conducts should be clearly communicated to employees during training sessions. Conclusion Workers and managers should be motivated and encouraged to develop a positive attitude towards the performance appraisal process, rather than viewing it as an unfair process which lacks transparency. Managers must ensure that they follow the performance evaluation process ethically and do not show any form of favouritism towards specific employees. It is important to inform workers and managers that they can achieve their career objectives only when the desired goals of the organisation are achieved. Performance appraisal system not only help managers in differentiating between performers and non-performers but also help workers in identifying their skill gaps which when reduced will help them achieve desired career goals. References Armstrong, M., (2012) Armstrong's Handbook of Reward Management Practice: Improving Performance Through Reward. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M. Stephens, T., (2005) A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Barrows, C. W. Powers, T., (2008) Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Brown, S., Blackmon, K., Cousins, P. Maylor, H., (2013) Operations Management: Policy, Practice and Performance Improvement. New Jersey: Routledge. Cooper, C. L. Burke, R. J., (2011) Human Resource Management in Small Business: Achieving Peak Performance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Deeprose, D., (2006) How to Recognize and Reward Employees: 150 Ways to Inspire Peak Performance. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Neely, A., (2007) Business Performance Measurement: Unifying Theory and Integrating Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paladino, B., (2011) Five Key Principles of Corporate Performance Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Saks, Saks, A. M., Haccoun, R. R. Belcourt, M., (2010) Managing Performance Through Training and Development. New York: Cengage Learning. Shields, J., (2007) Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Truss, C. et al., (2013) Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), pp. 2657-2669. Zaffron, S. Logan, D., (2011) The Three Laws of Performance: Rewriting the Future of Your Organization and Your Life. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.