Clonal integration in Panicum trugidum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clonal integration in genus Panicum trugidum - Article ExampleMany encroaching(a) engrafts are clonal, however little is known about clonal integration. The discussion expounds more on clonal integration on Panicum turgidum, a drought and salt tolerant plant that is used for wear control, thatching, fodder, and production of flour (Al-Khateeb 2006). Further, it focuses on the establishment of raments either randomly and genetically. The discussion to a fault outlines the major benefits of clonal integration in plants.Panicum turgidum is plant that is very common in Arabia, Senegal, Pakistan and in most move across the Sahara desert (Al-Khateeb 2006). The plant is widely referred as Tuman, Taman or Thaman in Arabia and Egypt (Al-Khateeb 2006). In Sahara Arabics, it is referred to as Markouba or Merkba. Other names that commonly refers to Panicum turgidum is Guinchi and Du-ghasi especially in Somalia (Al-Khateeb 2006). Most plants do not hold in saline areas, however, Panicum Turg idum is a salt resistance plant (xerohalophyte). Photosynthesis in saline plants is for the most part lower compared to non-saline environment. This is attributed to the limited uptake of carbon dioxide, reduced stomata size, and chlorophyll content this leads to reduction in plant growth (Hartnett 1993). Competition among the plant also reduces the quantum yield of photosynthesis. It also limits the growth of leaves, stolon length and ramets. connected raments of clonal Panicum turgidum plants share carbohydrates, water, and nutrients through clonal integration. Studies have shown that clonal integration in Panicum turgidum facilitates establishments of newly produced ramets. Clonal integration also improves chances of survival and reproduction of adult ramets in Panicum turgidum. Importantly, it also abets genets to occupy more open space. The discussed positive effects of clonal integration in Panicum turgidum help the plants to have competitive edge over plants

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Case require ExampleOne of the most effective policies to employ in the formation for greater security is the use of keystone passes. These are very important, as they will help in the identification of people who tape and live various sections and rooms in the organization. The policy of ensuring that every employee in the organization has a key pass will help secure the organizations assets such as computers as the organization works through the internet. In case of any mishap, the information technology specialists in the organization scantily have to review the latest people to access the place in question. This is a short-term goal as the keys can be created from inside the organizationA long-term goal that can be set for the organization in terms of security is ensuring that it creates firewalls. These are very important in an apparent movement to save the files that are located in the computers through the continuing commercial activities. Firewalls are important in th at they assist in the prevention of hackers. In the contemporary world, hacking has become one of the widely recognized activities in the field of Information technology. E-commerce involves the trading of commodities online, there are people who may hack and alter the remains to some form such as it would seem as they have paid money for a commodity, hence go ahead, and claim it. This form of hacking is bound to be curtailed by the installation of firewalls.The installation of a diverse and complex backup system is very influential. This is one of the policies that should be put as a long-term aspiration. Back-up systems are influential in that they assist in the recovery of files in case of a crash of systems due to some of the contemporary issues that may arise such as a dangle of the system by some form of Electromagnetic wave (Newman, 2009). Another issue noted in the field of commerce is the increased number of players. With an increased number of players, one of the increas ing

Issues Related to Bilingual Education in the United States Case Study

Issues Related to Bilingual Education in the United States - Case Study ExampleAs the report stresses the United States bilingualism means English and any other language such as Spanish that is used by the citizens. Again, it is documented that there are more than 300 languages being spoken in America. The schools in America have witnessed diversity in the past twenty five years. Educators are without delay experiencing a big challenge since majority of the students can no longer be predominantly public speaking English. Immigrants like the B deprivations, Asians, Hispanics and others are growing in population. This calls for adjustments in instructional programs to serve better these interest groups. This account declares that bilingual education in the United States is describe to have been contested and redesigned within varied historical, economic, affable and political contexts. Also, language professionals argue that the changing political, economic and social forces have designed the nations responses to diversity in language. Language ideology in America has been shifting depending on historical events and the lack of a consistent language ideology which has propagated political resentments especially on treatment for the minority groups of the population. It is reported that long before European colonizers came to the North American continent with their own languages and culture, the land was occupied by indigenous languages. Despite the rich cultural and language diversity in ancient days, the United States had a vision of a common language.

History of Organized Crime in the United States Term Paper

History of Organized villainy in the United States - Term Paper ExampleCriminal organizations often keep their vicious trading operations clandestine, and affiliates usually bestow by word of mouth. Bunch of criminals sometimes become amply methodical to be called organized. The work of engaging in criminal action as a structured faction is referred to in the US as racketeering. The Prohibition period of the 1920s have augmented the organized crime join in the US. Federal hard work to implement prohibition, including raids, was opposed by well-organized bootlegging operations with field of study as well as international connections. Scandalous groups now and then arise in closely binded migrant groups that do not trust the local police and the law. The Mafia, also known as La Cosa Nostra (Our Thing), or the Mob, is the umbrella make believe of numerous underground groups in the US. A member of the Mafia is called as Mafioso, or man of honor. Organized crime in US is money-spin ning. The 1967 Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and disposition of Justice felt that organized crimes takings was twofold that of the collective take of all other sorts of unlawful activities (Organized Crime. 2010).Charles Lucky luciano, American gangster of Italian origin was one of the famous gangsters of US. He got his nick name lucky after escaping a murder attempt on his life. He was an Italian American gangster with business like approach. He is credited with spiraling syndicate crimes into country wide organization establish genuine models. He was born in Sicily and his family moved into New York City in 1906. At his first teens, Luciano established himself as a creative thug on the eastern side of the city. He at last worked his way out to become one of the trusted lieutenants of crime boss Joe Masseria. During that time Masseria was engaged in turf war with his rival Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano in the meantime made a

Patient satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patient satisfaction - Essay ExampleIn ontogeny the questionnaire, one must center one finding focus on achieving three set of goals namely provision of quality wellness care to patients, treating them with courtesy as well as respect and making the health services affordable to the patients. The questions to be used in the process should thus focus on the three issues namely quality, interpersonal and accessibility. The question should be brief with careful wording so as to ensure that they are not biased, vague or enclosed. There is need to use a consistent scale while developing the questions such as likert scale, 10-point scale or the four point scale. The use of scale assists in the ensuring trueness and precision in the determination of the satisfaction level of the patient. Anonymity should be highly emphasized as this will allow patients to give their honest opinion. The blameless process need to be anonymous and the forms should be filled in private and the questions nee d to be open-ended so as to make the entire process as flexible as possible (Shelton,

Germany and the germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Germany and the germans class - testify ExampleDespite the ban the process still continues in many slaughter houses.According to wildcat practitioners stunning process is a right to all animals, despite the customs and norms of a given company and it should be put forth at all times. In this consideration, the exemption should be granted just to uphold populates religious and social practices. By doing so, this will reduce conflict from such societies encouraging the integration to all the government functions. The ban of un-stunned vegetable marrow for example, limits religious practices of the Muslim and the Jewish, limiting their rights of freedom of worship. Therefore, as this secern is put in place peoples democratic right should be considered. In addition, people are usually very sensitive on what they purchase (Neville & Grandin, 66). The government should not ban un-stunned meat due to the fact that many businesses that contributes to economic development. For example meat produced ritually is no longer accredited by

Strategic Supply Chain Management (REPORT) Essay

Strategic Supply Chain Management (REPORT) - Essay ExampleHowever, it is cardinal for businesses to realize that the pillar of any business is its return chain. Thus it is important to critically analyze the supply chain of the business.Supply chain deals with all the processes undertaken to provide a valued product or religious service to the customer. Thus the supply chain consists of processes right from the source, to the make and lastly to the delivery. Ensuring that the service or the product reaches the utmost delivery in the standard quality with minimum cost, is what makes a troupe profitable (Taylor, 2010).In sanctify to understand the feasibility of the supply chain management, we will consider a case in nous relating to British Airways. Since British Airways is a healthful established and successful organization, it will also have strong established supply chain process. Lets discover whether the supply chain of British Airways support improve according to the ev er-changing requirements of British Airways.British Airways is a name well known slightly the globe for its global airline service throughout the year at low fares. It also has the value of being flag carrier airline for the United Kingdom. British Airways was formerly known as royal Airways. British Airways has a very good repute amongst its customers as it is known to be environment friendly. The company constitutes almost 48000 employees. Despite the economic crunch, the company has managed to maintain successful operations and is constantly striving to join on its profitability in the coming years. However that is only possible if the company identifies and builds upon its core competencies aligned with the changing trends of the global environment.The success of any company is determined by how it operates. The existing success of British Airways lav be determined by the same reason. In the current situation, the company has set an exceptionally well working environment by determining certain KPIs

The methods adopted by the construction industry to remedy Health and Literature review

The methods adopted by the construction industry to remedy Health and rubber non conformities and to ensure that they to not rec - Literature review ExampleSome of the very important methods were identified from the revivification campaign which was conducted by the HSE to help the construction industry become a more health and recourse environment to work indoors. At the same time such methods identified corresponded with the methods menti unrivalledd by the interviewees within my results. therefrom illustrating that the identification of a methods to remedy health and safety non conformities was not so difficult and it also shows that professionals within the industry are aware of such compliance issues as methods have been identified and created to ensure that they do not occur in the future. The methods which were identified within the literature review included information as to how the management methods, pertaining to health and safety should be systematically and prope rly allocated from the top management down. Collins (2007). behavioral management methods which include adopting more positive safety management rules, such as involve and spark off individuals do not carry out inspections on the basis to find faults and communicate health and safety hard-hittingly. ... Finally Singh, Hinze & Coble (2009) suggest inspections as a method to remedy health and safety non compliances. In equation the methods which have been mentioned by the interviewees include behavioural management techniques such as motivation, effective communication, rewards (prizes), name and shame, inflamed card yellow card system, issuing non compliance notes on employees portfolio, management techniques such as to baksheesh by example and not by criticism, law and regulations to follow as an plaque such as the construction site safety handbook GF700, and finally training and education requirements before and during an employees travel on a construction site, such as CSCS card scheme, and even regulatory training courses for managers to visit can all help to ensure health and safety non conformities do not reoccur. Overall one can conclude that only two methods identified within the literature review and the interviewees are similar which include the CSCS card scheme and the led from the top management down approach. This illustrates that all the methods identified within the interviews are all methods which have developed within industry and are methods which the organisation feels are effective to remedy health and safety non conformities. It is easy to list or even identify all the methods that an organisation uses to remedy health and safety non conformities as illustrated above, the main issue is how effective are these methods in ensuring that a corrective action has been achieved rather than an instant (non corrective) change. Thus justifications from interviewees where given into why they felt that these methods will

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary and response - act Exampleof the 21st century depends directly on its young generations ability to make use of the cognition that was presented to them in schools and other educational and training institutions. He remarked that not only scientific and technical, but in any case purely economic and business advancement of the U.S. are strongly dependent on the new generations cogency for making rational and creative decisions. And for this end, the high-quality education, and the students resolve to attain it, is indispensable.I would note that Barack Obamas speech underscored the think administrations policies aimed at boosting the youngsters resolve to follow through their school years without dropping out. The briny concern that may have been discerned in the speech is that over the youths contribution to the fellowships performance in such fields as the economy and science. Both fields are greatly affected by the current crisis therefore, it is natural that the Pres ident should draw attention to them in his

The Genesis of Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Genesis of Faith - Essay ExampleNoah is depicted as a righteous and blameless man. He loved God wholeheartedly and practiced obedience. In his life, he had stable faith only in God. turn out of faith, Noah built a large boat and did so by obeying Gods warning to him about mysterious floods that were to happen. Noah rebuked the whole world, and from the faith he became righteous. Abraham and Sarah Abraham is depicted as an obedient and faithful servant of God. God commanded him to take with him his only beloved son Isaac and spell him as a burnt sacrifice. When he was about to sacrifice him, God intervened and provided a ram for the sacrifice. Out of faith, Sarah Abrahams wife was able to have a child despite existence barren and in any case overage to conceive. However, she doubted faith in God just like any other human being but God fulfilled His promise of giving her a child. Sarahs faith inspires every soulfulness who easily loses hope in life.Isaac is known as the mira cle child of Abraham and Sarah and a man of faith. Faith reigned in Isaacs entire life and he practiced it in his marriage with Rebekah. By faith, he promised his sons Jacob and Esau succeeding(a) blessings.Jacob was liar and manipulator but he knew God and he was renamed Israel. Out of faith, despite being old he blessed each of Josephs sons and worshiped while leaning on his staff. Leaning is of significance in this context because Jacob had spent his entire life limping after wrestling with God and being broken. He then gave his life to God who took control over it.

Exploring the connections between the mask of masculinity and the mask Essay

Exploring the connections between the mask of masculinity and the mask of femininity - testify ExampleA study of the offset printing chapter Saplings in the Storm of Mary Piphers Reviving Ophelia and the first chapter internal the earthly concern of Boys Behind the Mask of Masculinity of William Pollocks Real Boys give an brainstorm into the complex psyche of adolescent girls and adolescent boys in coping with societal expectations and norms.Saplings in the Storm and Inside the World of Boys approach the mistakable issue from two different perspectives. Both take us sticker to the world of adolescence. While Saplings in the Storm tells us about the distress of adolescent girls, Inside the World of Boys presents the struggle of teenage boys. In both the cases the progeny boys and the girls are trying hard to be male and feminine rather than naturally grow up into men and women.A girl has always been an brain-teaser to a boy and vice versa. It is but natural that adolescent girls and boys fall on and off in love. A fantasy soon gives way to disillusionment as one sees the other without the mask. They are in love with the mask which is based on unreal concepts of masculinity and femininity. The adolescent boys and girls pass through the same experience of trying to fit into the mask. They struggle to play a certain role and sink in depression when this unnatural struggle takes a toll on their mental health.Today most of the young girls would go to any extent to be the femme fatale with killer looks and a perfect 10 figure or be that pretty young thing. Sadly enough, this is the recent trend of femininity. Pipher begins her chapter Saplings in the Storm with the example of her full cousin Polly who gave up her tomboyish and spontaneous self to become a social butterfly only to be accepted by her peers. (Cited in Schmidt et al) Pollock in his Inside the World of Boys points out to a similar situation of how boys try to live the myths about masculinity. ( Cited in Schmidt et al) Boys dont cry, boys are tough, boys are

Caring for the Earth and Its Inhabitants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 58

Caring for the Earth and Its Inhabitants - hear ExampleThis study stresses that, the natural systems of the world are negatively affected either directly by the change in temperatures or indirectly by changes in sea level, melting of glaciers, alterations in plant patterns, changes in pH of oceans, climate change etc. One of the foremost impacts of the climate change has started to betide in the Arctic and the Antarctic regions since their high altitudes play a major factor in the govern of warming of these regions. Rapid melting of ice has aid the prospects of ice-free summers which keister potentially eradicate an inbuilt biome from the region. The biodiversity of these regions ranging from algae to the polar bears are accustomed to living on ice and the elevating temperatures pose a wakeless threat to their existence. The global climate change has also affected the marine system of the world. This has primarily occurred owe to the acidification of the ocean waters. The incr easing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also leads to enhanced dissolving of the liquid into the ocean waters which increases the acidity of the waters and affects both plant and animal life. Ocean acidification leads to coral bleaching and dissolving of shells and skeletons of marine organisms.It is an undeniable fact that global warming has been accelerated by anthropogenic activities and it is up to us to control the damage. Conservation of animals is not the only option since we indigence to work at the very root of the problem. One of the most important steps at the individual level is to decrease the carbon footprint. This can be done by altering our habits of energy usage, decreasing waste and recycling. At the societal level, we need to enhance green technologies, reduce emissions and adopt sustainable energy sources such as wind, hydro etc.

Comparison between Policy Alternatives in the Company Assignment - 15

Comparison between Policy Alternatives in the Company - Assignment ExampleIt is very important that at this point and time to understand the sentiments of the employees and not react on impulse decisions. Currently there are more issues facing the high society. Company is sacking through a lot of changes, and to make the implementation of the changes through caution, steps related to change anxiety are required to be taken. The issues that are being faced are The sole(prenominal) option another(prenominal) than taking the employees on board is to do massive hiring, which will be very costly for the company. Also, many people who could be beneficial for the company will shy away due to the companys fear of massive layoffs. Technology implementation is a process that will require timeas it cannot be implement in a snap and the policy makers have to be patient. Employees are an asset for any company. In todays world, creating a product that is unique is one thing but today the co mpetition is not only on product basis but majorly upon the kind of employees that the company has. Employees need to be aboard if the company wants to remain successful (Cameron & Green, 2004). Implementing the Lewin change model is the best possible solution. In this case, the employees need to be told that technology is being implemented to benefit them, not to replace them. The new technological change must be discussed with them, and this process will be known as the unfreezing part. The employees should be told how with the use of technology they can retrieve more tasks done in lesser time and how it is going to make their lives easier for them. A proper outline should be conducted and the employees technical capabilities reviewed. A workshop divided into three levels must be conducted and each and each employee placed in the levels accordingly depending on their knowledge of the technology. This will help the management make decisions well-nigh the length of training that needs to be conducted.

United arab emirates stand agaisnt ISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United arab emirates stand agaisnt ISIS - Essay ExampleThe nation registered a strong reproof for the terrorist acts and gross human rights impingements committed by ISIS (Khaleej Times 1). This included a range of heinous crimes against gentlemans gentleman committed by ISIS like the beheading and killing of Western hostages, genocide of ethnic and religious minorities, violation of political and human rights by ISIS in the territories under its domain and its overall ideology of violence, intolerance and radicalization of Islam. In multiple official communiqus made by the UAE, both to the regional and global media, the Emirate officially labelled and categorized ISIS to be a threat to humanity, a big challenge to regional peace and stability, and a cause of concern that warrants collective international action and commitment (Khaleej Times 1).The UAE also made proactive efforts to muster and influence the international community against the grave threat posed by ISIS, by sponso ring a range of regional meets and opinion making efforts. This included hosting International Centre of Excellence against Violent Extremism and organizing a Muslim Council of Elders comprising of reputed scholars from many Muslim nations, with the objective of combating the ideological sway commanded by ISIS in the region for the succession (Khaleej Times 1). In addition, the UAE pledged an unconditional and committed support to the Western efforts to fight ISIS. UAE is amongst the group of nerve center East nations including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain and Jordan who are actively participating in the airstrikes against ISIS, led by the US and different Western powers (Khan 1). The UAE also expressed a strong support for the UN Security Council Resolution 2170 aimed at galvanic international efforts against the war on ISIS (Khaleej Times 1). In addition the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is looking to it that

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Business - Essay ExampleIn addition, he end a central IT steering committee and replaced it with another new structure that pushed IT investment decisions to the line organizations. However, these trading operations were coordinated by the centralise IT organization. A web based service system ( lake herring.com) was the primary means in use at the network level so as to spread companys operations all across the globe. At the data level, the company employed a client-funded-project (CFP) system. This system in the first place strengthened each function to control its own IT budgets. The companys IT department enabled easy desegregation with acquired parentage organizations. To conclude, Cisco spent whatever needed on IT aiming at the operational efficiency of the organization. 2. Cisco faced some(prenominal) difficulties with its internal IT by 2001. The September 11 terrorist attacks and resultant internet bubble crumple greatly added to the technology failure in Cisco. Lac k of common order-status tool was the man issue that caused disgustful issues with Ciscos internal IT. Although, the company had nine different order-status tools at the end of 2001, none of them were providing the craved outcomes. Therefore, the company pumped more and more money toward the development of such customized tools. However, it was necessary to have somewhat efficient customized tools so as to instantaneously check the order-status while interacting with the customers. Therefore, each company business draw separately paid to get some efficient tools that looked up data about customer orders. As a result, each of the tools pulled data from different sources that used different definitions for diagnose terms (Mac Fee et al, 4). This site caused some confusion in the organization since the multiple databases created conflicts in order-status reports. It was also observed that IT decisions were made without practicing centralized collection checking for conflicts and redundancies. Similarly, lack of centralized planning was another major problem that had intensified Ciscos internal IT difficulties. In the case of ERP system also, many groups had built specialized tools. Hence, the Cisco faced many difficulties to upgrade a newer version of the ERP system as it necessitated the disablement of a number of custom interfaces. As a result, the ERP system did not help more in this situation. 3. The Business Process Operating perpetration (BPOC) was a cross functional decision making group established by Cisco in late 2002. This committee included major persons at the helm of affairs of the Cisco. The major objective of this group was to set and drive corporate priorities for the company. The BPOC perplexity team mainly focused on its enterprise-wide productivity. As express in the given case (7), so as to facilitate this function, the BPOCs leadership dealt with formulation of key operational policy decisions, alignment of similar initiatives acros s the company, development of Ciscos corporate business process framework, and enforcement of decisions with attention to execution and accountability. It must be noted that the BPOC was not established for funding the economical operations of Cisco. On the other hand, its main intention was to provide effective recommendations for the Ciscos management regarding the companys IT spending. The BPOC had a precise authority over the company operations since it dealt with projects that were

From an economic perspective, why is Microsoft to successful Essay

From an economic perspective, why is Microsoft to successful - Essay ExampleAlmost every computing device is loaded with Microsoft operating system, without which a computer slewnot function, or games. In the initial years, the company focused on creating computer language, but most of the pecuniary success came after it embarked on producing operating systems. Today, Microsoft is one of the most popular and financially successful bundle companies in the world. Its products have penetrated into every household with a PC because of its easy-to-use and ground-breaking software. This paper explores the success story of Microsoft from the economic perspective.Like any other world famous companies, Microsoft is not without criticisms. It has often been criticized for its alleged bullying tactical maneuver rather than earning success through innovation. However, according to Harvard Business School professors Marco Iansiti and Alan MacCormack, the companys success can be attributed t o its capability to predict future technological developments and make maximum efficient use of the study software technologies. One remarkable fact is that Microsoft has seen huge financial successes during phases of technological revolutions because of its ability to adapt to changes. Usually, during such vulnerable phases many large businesses collapse for failing to deliver. Although it has been criticized that Microsoft Corporations success is largely out-of-pocket to its monopoly position in the global market which the company has taken full advantage of, Iansiti and MacCormack have a different perspective. They have asserted that Microsoft wins through effective management of its intellectual property and an ability to scrap and react to important trends before they take hold (Silverthorne, 2002).From the early days of writing simple program language for computers the company progressed to making operating systems based on the DOS system. In subsequent years, Microsoft g rew to bugger off Windows XP.

Channel Tunnel Project Essay Example for Free

gestate tunnel Project Essay crease dig pick up, which aimed to create a fixed connection between Britain and France, is unrivaled of the largest private funded assures in the world. It required the practise of newest technology and great watchfulness skills in order to deal with unexpected changes. overly the cooperation of two countries political sciences, several(prenominal) constructors, banks and other agencies are needed to make this expulsion run smoothly.This essay divided the whole project into 4 steps in analyzing conceive, develop, execute and finish. Further, it demonstrates the key advantages and disadvantages of Chunnel project including project scheduling, risk management, community management, cross-culture communication and so on with critical thinking. In addition, recommendations are provided due to the improvement in these procedures. screen backgroundThe channel tunnel is one of the longest undersea civilize tunnels in the world. It has an overal l length of 50.5-kilometre and colligate Folkestone in the UK and Calais in the France. (Anderson, 1994) The end of building a fixed link across the English Channel was firstly created as early as 1802 by an engineer in France but it was shelved due to warrantor and political reasons. In 1957, Louis Armand formed the Channel Tunnel Study Group and then presents a design of railway tunnel, bored of submerged, comprising a twin rail tunnel with a service tunnel to the government in 1960. (eurotunnelgroup.com) However, the British minister cancelled the project in 1975 due to financial problems and oil crisis. The project started again until the British and French government reached an symmetry, which is finding private promoters for the construction without public funding in 1984. Finally, after negotiate with governments, banks and shareholders, constructions began in 1987 and completed in 1994. The American Society of Civil Engineers recognizes Channel Tunnel as one of the Seve n Wonders of the Modern World. (Reynolds, 1996)Phase 1 ConceiveFrom a project management perspective, the whole project can be divided into 4 stages which are conceive, develop, execute and finish. During conceive phase, it is requisite to focus on the projects overall strategy. It considers the projects goal, potential problems and opportunities, possible solutions and the links of projects to other projects. Also it should be clarified projects basic assumptions.In 1981, the British and French governments are agreed to launch the project. quatern plans including Eurobridge, Euroroute, Channel Expressway and Channel Tunnel were submitted to the government and Channel Tunnel Group/ FranceManche (CTG/FM) won the call up eventually. After that, an map of organizational structure had been designedSource channel tunnel project overviewThe turn in above reveals the structure of all participants. Eurotunnel is an international bon ton originally formed by CTG/FM. It is the owner and performer of the whole project. And it provided the construction contract to TML. From 1985- 86, Eurotunnel was controlled by CTG/FM and banks. Each of them holds 50% of it. Later on, Eurotunnel became independent company and then transferred to its shareholders and banks. A 55 years contract had been reached between Eurotunnel and the government of Britain and France based on the proposal submitted. The Construction Contract between Eurotunnel and TML sets out the Eurotunnel is also linked to the banks by a loan agreement and to national railways by a usage agreement. Furthermore, governments hired several experts to build an agency called IGC (Intergovernmental Commission) to ensure the project is under control. IGC was permitted for demanding changes in the process of project to keep it healthy and safety.During the stage of planning, the total follow of the project was 5.5 billion dollars and the whole project would be private financed without any government aids. On the comi ty of CTG/FM owned an agreement, which gave group the sole right of Channel operation during 55 years, over two hundred banks around the world offered loan to the project. (Genus, 1997) However, for a project this large, the lack of scope makes to resource planning, budgeting and cost work out very difficult, thus it would be a challenge to use ROI (return on investment) to provide accurate data. Because ROI except gives results based on assumptions from TMLSchedule management plays an important role in the first stage as well. Several milestones were built including (Fairweather, 1994)1. 1974, idea of tunnel gathered, but abandoned 2. 1978, British and French discussions continued 3. 1985, British and French government asked for bids 4. 1986, The Treaty of Canterbury was signed allowing the project to proceed and CTG/FM won the contract 5. 1987, Channel tunnel project started 6. 1994, the project completeThe schedule was planned to build 3 tunnels, two rail tunnels and one servi ce tunnel allows mixed traffic at short headway (3 minutes between trains) and high speed (100 to 160 km/h) of national trains and its shuttles. These special Shuttles allow rail transportation of cars from one country to another. This do designer to illustrated 12 tunneling faces worked by 11 boring machines. A very convoluted schedule was made in logistics management and WBS development (work breakdown structure) due to high requirements of practise arrangements and activity duration estimate.Quality and risk management is another significant part of preparation stage. care team needs to evaluate potential risks of technical, commercial, political, and financial aspects because if risks are identified early enough, an effective answer strategy can be made. A risk impact matrix can be made in analyzing process

The Popularity of Mixed Martial Arts Essay Example for Free

The Popularity of mixed Martial Arts EssayFor many fight fans, the allure of confused Martial Arts (MMA) has surpassed a traditional slugfest match in terms of action and excitement in time though Mixed Martial Arts is nothing new. In a sense, all hawkish arts styles have command us to the creation of what we now refer to as MMA. Along with this and for quite some time, possibly to begin with history was ever documented, fighters of all levels and styles have been practicing and testing their skills. But with change in time, so did the maneuver in many aspects. Through the many years of evolution, Mixed Martial Arts is currently the nigh popular and the fastest growing gambling in the world.Having started around 648 B. C. in Greece, the most primitive take on playfulnesss or warlike arts with few rules or a no-holds-barred concept was called pankration, placing itself amongst the other sports in the exceeding games. (Rousseau) It was an aggressive sport, a combinati on of boxing and wrestling techniques. In the 1800s, no-holds-barred events occurred when wrestlers who represented various martial styles competed end-to-end Europe. Merikan fighting in the early 1900s, which featured boxing versus Jiu Jitsu masters.Bruce Lee was significant having influencing MMA as he conquered in boxing, karate, judo, and other styles and combined them to develop a form of fighting greater than any other. His contributions have not gone unnoticed, as Ultimate competitiveness backup man (UFC) President Dana White has gone so distant to call Lee, the father of mixed martial arts. (Mixed Martial Arts Timeline, 2007) With a new swarm of fighters who train in various styles, the sport of MMA has greatly come together, to include the founding of the Ultimate chip Championship in 1993, which quickly became an overnight success.Mixed Martial Arts has achieved a high level of popularity around the globe in recent years thanks to the Ultimate Fighting Championship, especially existence supported in Japan and the United States. With stars such as Chuck Liddell, Rampage Jackson, Randy Couture, Tito Ortiz, Rashad Evans, and Wanderlei sylva leading the way, the sport was venerable to a break through and achieved mainstream popularity. Regular coverage on ESPN and onward motion in the pages of such popular publications has shown mixed martial arts continuing its spectacular rise having surpassed boxing in popularity and poised for bigger and better things. Megamass). Besides being a real show of entertainment, MMA is a sport of high-performance. As was the case with most martial arts at the time, fighters were typically skilled in just one discipline and had little practice when facing opponents with different skills.When the Ultimate Fighting Championship first started, there were few rules, no division of weight classes, time-sensitivity, or security equipment. For example, Keith The Giant slayer Hackney, with a 9 height difference and 400-p ound weight difference, faced Emmanuel Yarborough at UFC 3. UFC History) Many martial artists held that having the skill could overcome such advantages, that a skilled fighter could use an opponents size and strength against him. (UFC History). It was quickly proved with the many defeats by 170-pound Royce Gracie that the outcome is not always stubborn by the size of a person. The UFC hit success on Pay-Per-View and home video almost worry a shot due to the originality, realism, and wide press coverage, even though not all of it was positive.The blood and brutality of the sport generated a loud and powerful backlash. The disposition of the rapidly increasing sport hastily brought attention to the authorities. UFC events were wherefore banned in a number of States. In order to subsist, the UFC improved its cooperation and collaborated with the state athletic commissions and deliberated its rules to fade the less acceptable elements of fights, while preserving the core elements of striking and grappling. Weight classes were established, and gloves became mandatory.Then there was the introduction of restrictions on permissible striking areas, barring head butts, groin strikes, strikes to the back of the neck and head, kicks to an opponent who was down, small pin manipulation, pressure point strikes, and hair pulling. When the time limit of five-minute rounds was introduced, the UFC had receive acknowledged as a sport rather than an act or spectacle. By 2001, the UFC brand had completely restructured Mixed Martial Arts into a highly systematic and controlled combat sport. With Mixed Martial Arts booming with popularity, learning centers and dojos are alter up with new students everyday.Many of the professional fighters have opened gyms where they train the next generation of fighters to become the next champion. Amateur fight nights are organized all the time in order for the to a greater extent novice fighters to work their way on getting recognized fo r a chance to go professional. Shows like Ultimate Fighter on Spike TV is an example of up and coming professional fighters training and fighting to win a chance at a professional contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. If not for the next championship title, many people fight for the fun nature of the sport.Combat sports, even now with the rules and regulations, is still and always will be a popular blood sport. The fans are intrigued to verify strength and skills prevail in fights. Adrenaline runs through the roaring crowds as they cheer on their vanquish contenders. From the days of the Coliseum to the Octagon at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the quick rise in gym openings and more live-aired Pay-Per-View events, Mixed Martial Arts has become a prominent commonplace in both the martial arts world and the entertainment industry.

Fourth Amendment Exceptions Summary Essay Example for Free

Fourth Amendment Exceptions Summary EssayThe Fourth Amendment of the United States ecesis requires that no search or seizure shall be carried out unless a warrant has been issued. The exceptions are searches with swallow, frisks, bleak feel/plain view, incident to arrest, automobile exceptions, exigent circumstances and open fields, abandoned property and everyday place exceptions (Harr, Hess, 2006, p. 219). Consent to search any property moldiness be given by t actual owners or, as set forth in the United States v Matlock (1974) by a soul in charge of that property. If, for instance more than one person owns a property, only one of those individuals must give consent. There are exceptions to that rule as well. Only commonly shared areas of that property whitethorn be searched (Harr,Hess, 2006). Take for instance a family living in an apartment which comprises of a husband, wife and infant to the man. The sister would give consent for common areas, such as the living room, den, kitchen, and bathroom, to be searched and she cannot give consent to allowing the bedroom of the brother and sister in-law to be searched.The husband, on the other hand, could consent to having the bedroom searched because it is thither joint bedroom and is not off-limits to him. Other conditions on the searches incident to arrest exception hold the use of force, the search of other individuals with the arrested individual, searching the vehicle of an arrest person, contemporaneousness and inventory searches if a organization agent has probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband or evidence of a abuse without a warrant because in the time it would take to get a warrant, the car, driver and contraband or evidence could be long gone (Harr, Hess, 2006. p. 231). The 1981 case of Robbins v. California saw the justifications for searching without a warrant. Those specifications accommodate that the mobility of vehicles produce exigent circumstances.

Looking Glass Self Essay Example for Free

Looking Glass egotism EssayIn the most basic terms the Looking Glass self is your self consider which is formed by the views others hold of you. These views the people around you have raise have either a positive or forbid effect on your self imagine. First we picture how our personality and style will come off to others, and then we think about how they will judge our personality and appearance. As people around us pass judgment on who we be this is when our self-concept develops, basically who we think we ar and how we relish about ourselves as a whole. These judgments can have a powerful effect on ones beliefs and feelings about themselves. Ive entangle and been effected by the beliefs another person has about me. When I was in the 8th grade I thought I was a wonderful student, smart, well behaved. I felt as though my teachers all thought the same way. Then one twenty-four hour period my homeroom teacher called me thickheaded for missing a homework assignment. To be called out in front of the class like that was horrifying. though that wasnt the only time an incidence like that occurred.In the 9th grade I struggled with math. I did seriously on tests, I already lacked confidence in the subject and it took one day with a shift teacher to shatter it completely. I will never forget the words she said to me Why cant you finish the test? Are you stupid? As kidskin of any age, those words are damaging to the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think others perceive you. Tell a minor hes stupid enough times and eventually hell start believing you, claims Benj Vardigan, with the behavioural Institute.When a child makes mistakes or doesnt understand a concept, his knee-jerk reaction may be to answer that hes stupid. Take that one step further and watch a child breach trying to understand or stop trying to learn a concept because he mechanically assumes he cant figure it out. (Hatter) In A Class Divided on of the introductory examples of looking glass self that I picked up on was when the children came back in from recess after(prenominal) fighting. Mrs. Elliot asks Whats wrong with being called brown eyes? and a littleboy, Roy, says It means were stupider and well, not that Its immediate how the effect of this experiment took hold. These children took to heart what their teacher, Mrs. Elliot had said, that brown eyed children are less than luscious eyed children, they arent as smart or as well behaved. In the first day of the lesson the effects on their peers perception of them had caused so much turmoil that it caused one child to hit another, clearly the prejudicial aspect of looking glass. In the Teaching Adults section, Mrs. Elliott describes how she gave tests before during and after the lesson on discrimination.Telling the consultation that the student test scores raise on the day they are on top, scores swing out when they are on the bottom and after the experiment the childrens testing scores main tain a higher level. She attributed this to the children discovering how good they are. I believe instilling a positive self-imagine in a child is one of the most important things a parent, or teacher can do. Whether self-concept is positive or negative can influence important areas of a childs development and achievement. Educators have recognized that there is a touch base between self-concept and performance in school.Students with a strong self-concept tend to have good grades and take an mobile role in school. They are able to accept challenges and enjoy impertinent learning experiences. Students with a negative self-concept tend to have both attitude and behavior problems. They may be unwilling to try new things, because they believe they will fail anyway, or they may not work up to their potential. Some educators feel that a positive self-concept is so important that children need to be taught to like themselves before they are taught academician skills such as reading, w riting, and mathematics. (Myers-Walls and Hinkley)

Impact Of Insomnia On Daytime Ability To Function Essay Example for Free

electrical shock Of Insomnia On Daytime Ability To Function auditionInsomnia pertains to a symptom that is characterized by the difficulty in falling asleep. In separate cases, insomnia is besides twisty in not being able to sleep for the required number of hours each night. It is gum olibanum relevant to describe insomnia as a symptom associated with poor quality or insufficiency of sleep. Several factors whitethorn trigger the symptom of insomnia in an individual, hence this setting faecal matter be considered as situational, wherein a veritable incident whitethorn result in an individuals inability to sleep. Insomnia may in any case be described ground on its point in an individual, so resulting in intermittent or morose forms (Davidson 109). Insomnia in general occurs with another medical condition, such as a psychiatric disease or medicate abuse. The importance of treatment regimens for insomnia has been the point of biomedical research as it has long been established that insomnia does not steady down through time. More bigly, it has been reported that insomnia enkindle significantly affect the quality of life of an individual.In addition, insomnia can result in the further progression of a psychiatric disorder, thus putting a impact role at outstandinger risk for mental health deterioration (Davidson 112). It has also been observed that the occurrence of insomnia is positively correlated to the frequency of consultations with a physician, as additional medical disorders atomic number 18 caused by this dormancy symptom. Impact of insomnia on sleep As insomnia is a symptom that affects sleep, it is important to determine the causative factors that result in such condition.The most common factors that influence the occurrence of insomnia allow stressful incidents in the life of an individual. expiration of a loved champion, as tumesce as conflict with another individual, often results in insomnia (Davidson 110). distemper and problems with work or study can also result in a difficulty in sleeping. Environmental factors may also result in insomnia, such as that of residing in a stead where there is unbroken noise from traffic or construction. Social conditions may also influence the occurrence of insomnia, such as that of caring for a newborn baby right after childbirth.However, it should be still that the sleeping patterns of pregnant women after by and large disturbed and thus may even be more than severe after childbirth. It has been suggested that post-partum insomnia may be possibly due to the mothers instinct of providing constant care for her child, in terms of feeding and cleaning the baby. Other social factors that result in insomnia include having an adolescent child who make its evenings outside the home and the parents worriedly stay awake until their child comes home (Davidson 110). board has also been reported to influence the occurrence on insomnia.It has been observed that insom nia is a common symptom that afflicts women who flip reached the transition stage into menopause, as this phase of their life causes much distress to them. Caring for a nauseating elderly individual also results in insomnia, as the caretaker vigilantly checks on an older individual throughout the night. This condition tends to be more difficult when the elderly person is also suffering from Alzheimers disease, which is generally characterized by straying to other places even in the late hours of the night.The caretaker thus tends to keep watch oer the actions of the elderly person in order to keep him from harm. Impact of insomnia of waking functioning Circadian verse pertains to the cyclic patterns that an individual undertakes based on a synchronizing stimulus. Most living species synchronize their activities based on the most ominous factor, which is the light emanating from the sun. In the case of human being beings, sunlight determines whether it is time to call forth or t o sleep. The presence of light also influences the majority of the physiologic activities of the human body, including the time of the meals in an unblemished day.The circadian clock of every individual is thus set according to the standard day, wherein sunlight in present for approximately 12 hours and absence for another 12 hours. Within the evening, the human body is programmed to moderation and this is mainly through sleep. The occurrence of insomnia can affect an individuals circadian oscillation as the length or the quality of sleep is affected. An individual with insomnia may be awake at to the lowest degree half of the night and thus find poor coordination in his motor and mental skills during the day.Individuals who work on a deliver basis are often affected by insomnia as they are generally appoint to different hours every few months (Shechter 15). Healthcare personnel, such as nurses and technologists, are usually assigned to work on the night shift for 3 months and thus their circadian rhythm is misaligned during this period. Once they decease to their daytime shift, they find difficulty in falling asleep as their bodies have already alter to a modified circadian rhythm (Shechter 14).The same conditions also occur in other jobs that are associated with changes in shift duties, including those in the police departments and other 24-hour surveillance jobs. The perturbation in the circadian rhythm and its association to the onset of insomnia often results in the deterioration of the quality of work of an individual or a poor performance in school. In addition, an individual with insomnia usually shows poor cognitive capacity, as well as a decrease in the productivity at work. These individuals often deprivation the capacity to focus on their activities, resulting in accidents (Shechter 15).It is a common occurrence that drivers get into accidents due to the lack of sleep and thus their motor skills and reflex actions are not that reactive dur ing the day. Polysomnographic owns of insomnia Polysomnographic studies have shown that an individual with insomnia is generally characterized to have a short latency period during their sleep (Shechter 14). In addition, the sleep efficiency of these individuals is significantly low, resulting in the patronise and easy awakening by even simple stimuli in their immediate environment.The rapid eye ordure (REM) and sigma sleep stages of individuals with insomnia are largely influenced by the circadian rhythms that are been set by their bodies and thus every change in the sleeping quality and habits may affect these sleep stages. Any disturbance in these sleep stages may result in the lack of or difficulty in sleeping. Polysomnographic investigations have also shown that the amount of money body temperature in influenced by an individuals circadian rhythm. Sleep is thus commonly observed in the evening, when the core body temperature is significantly lower than what is usually obse rved during the day.Any shift in the circadian rhythm of an individual may thus result in an unexpected core body temperature, resulting in an individuals difficulty in falling asleep. This core body temperature should be achieved approximately six hours before going to sleep, in order for an individual to achieve the normal 8 hours of sleep. For an individual who attends to a night-shift job, the usual length of sleep varies from 4 to 7 hours, which is a prime feature of insomnia. Behavior and/or therapeutic recommendations for insomniaIt is possible to adapt behavioral conditioning strategies for insomnia. Individuals suffering from insomnia often spend hours or several evenings in bed but are fully awake the entire time. Their insomnia thus further worsens as their brain is conditioned to consider the bed and the bedroom as sites where one corset awake and any attempt to further induce sleep may be futile. It is thus suggested that when one feels sleepy, regardless of the time o f day, one should then attempt to go to his bed in order to instill his brain that the bed is a place to sleep.It is also not helpful for an individual with insomnia to find a substitute place to sleep, such as the couch, as this will condition his mind that the couch is his sleeping niche and eventually, going back to the bedroom can even be harder to achieve. There are peculiar(prenominal) drug formulations that may also aid an individual suffering from insomnia. One of the most common medications is benzodiazepine, which binds to the gamma-aminobutyric acerbic receptors of the brain, which is responsible to the excitation of neural cells (Davidson 111).This binding thus results in the inhibition of the neural functions of the individual, resulting in a sleepy mode. One negative offspring of benzodiazepine is that the normal stages of sleep are affected and thus may trigger unnecessary changes in the duration of each stage and possibly dependence on the drug. It is also possib le that this drug may induce hypnotic effects on an individual. Non-benzodiazepine formulations are also forthcoming for the treatment of insomnia. Melatonin is another therapeutic regimen that may be administered to an individual with insomnia (Davidson 112).There is currently great debate with regards to the effectiveness of this drug, as it has mostly been applied to individuals suffering from jet lag-induced insomnia and thus this drug may not be effective for other insomnias that are caused by other factors. Antidepressants and antihistamines can also be administered to insomnia patients to alleviate their difficulty in falling asleep. Herbal concoctions have also been reported to facilitate sleep. A few of the most used herb are chamomile, kava kava and lavender, which can be supplied in tea formats.Personal reflections Insomnia is generally regarded as a simple condition that is often misunderstood and mistreated. It is important that insomnia be addressed as soon as possibl e because this condition often affects several systems of the human body and may thus result in the decrease in the immune capacity of an individual. Insomnia can also affect the quality of work or study of an individual and thus this negative effect should be addressed at the earliest possible time.Social interactions can also be affected by insomnia, as these individuals are often irritable and sensitive. Several accidents have also been caused by the lack of sleep and it is possible that an individual may hurt himself while working and even hurt other people, especially when they are using a motor vehicle when they suddenly lose attention or fall asleep. It is thus imperative that individuals with insomnia be educated on what to do to take control of their condition and possibly go back to their normal circadian patterns.

Emo Culture Essay Example for Free

Emo Culture EssayLike the social and fashion trends of eras long gone, emo is not simply about the way you stage it is a life look. It culminates in your clothing, shoes, hairstyle, berth and most importantly musical selection. This section describes the emo lifestyle and attitudes.People do tend to adopt at least the attitudes of the music they listen to most even if they dont admit it. This is because a lot of people ar not able to separate themselves from the ideas that ar expressed. Music is different from other art-forms in that it penetrates the soul in a way something visual cannot.People seem to like to group together for some reason, its in our nature, and emo is just another group or sub-culture. People join it because they might agree with some, most or all of what the group is generally about.Being Emo is just another way that people are try to express themselves, really the same as other street styles, just with a different soundtrack. In the end, each of the people who have chosen to follow the scene is their own person- they are just factor of a scene that is tipped as macrocosm defiant and unacceptable- something most young people are drawn to. To the TopWhat are Emos like?Firstly, labeling someone as an emo based on their hair style is a poor way to interpret personal expression, just as calling someone a goth based on their preference for black clothing. Whether or not a person listens to emo music, writes emo poetry, or adopts an alternative lifestyle is a personal decision that does not automatically have anything to do with the discolor or cut of their hair. Emo styles are unique, individual looks that say a lot about the persons style, but the emotions shtup them may never be understood by anyone else.When referring to a persons personality and attitude, most definitions of emo include a number of the following terms sensitive, shy, quiet, sad, introverted, glum, self-pitying, mysterious and angst ridden. Depression and broken-heartedness are sometimes used to describe the emo personality. Emos chance society doesnt accept them, they are outcasts and nobody understands them This is generalising and it is important to note those into the emo / scene culture can apparently also be the opposite of the personality traits listed above as with anyone.At its core, emo is all about being upfront with your emotions. Hot Topic even issued a patch that read, cheer up, emo kid These personality traits are often identified by his/her music and fashion (generalising here). For example the emo band Hawthorne Heights contains multiple references to unrequited love, emotional and relationship problems. Many of these traits are present in most teenagers and not just emosThe suit of misery and death is a long-established teenage tradition. When death is a long way off, you can generate to be much morbid about it. In particular, Goths and Emos are a rebellion against sporty, manly cultures.Frailness, which convey s a sense of vulnerability has been associated with the male emos in particular, but from what I know this isnt particularly valid.Finally trace on the term scene that has become popular since the emo subculture kicked off. Scene kids I believe are more about the style and looking like an emo without the personality of it all. In other words, scene kids are the ones that dress emo, but only because its a trend or you could say Scene is Emo without the emotion. The term is subject to solid debate like emo though.

The Game of Baseball Essay Example for Free

The Game of Baseball EssayBaseball is one of Americas favorite past times, as easy as mine. There are many different sports for boys to tinker, however, baseball game was the only one my heart got connect to. It has always given me that adrenaline rush that made me want to continue contend even up to today. Baseball is one of my fondest memories because it was a huge part of my childhood, it introduced me to some of my best friends, and helped mold into the person I am today. The baseball field brings vertebral column the best memories. Baseball is in my genes. When I would run onto the baseball field its the like I just got hit with adrenaline.I shimmered soccer and basketball game also, but as I got older I felt that if I focused on one sport I could make myself great. Ive been playing ever since I was able to throw and catch, and I am still playing in college. When I was young it started with playing pleasure sports. Playing for the recreation department wasnt the greatest experience, but everyone made the team and everyone was out there to have fun. -16 erst I turned eleven I joined a travel team. On the travel team we traveled to Baton Rouge or Gulfport every weekend.We qualified for a chance to go play a week in Cooperstown, New York. We then got on a plane and flew to South Carolina, which we were conjectural to switch planes to go to New York. When we got to South Carolina we found out that the plane we were supposed to get on left early so we had to take a charter bus the rest of the way and it took forever. We didnt win the tournament it was a great experience to play teams from all over the United States. later on that tournament that team split up, and I joined a different team, which we played for a a couple of(prenominal) years and won many tournaments.When I was fourteen, we qualified to go to the World Series in Liberty, Missouri. We won our first four games in pool play. We ended up getting second seed breathing out into d ouble elimination. Then we lost our first elimination game. If we lost any more games we were finished. When the team got back to the hotel we had a team meeting with all the parents. That meeting had everyone thinking and saying, We arent losing the World Series. We came out playing teams that also had one loss that were in the losers bracket, ten run ruling almost every team.We were autocratic after our pep talk from the parents. When we made it out the losers bracket, we had to play the first place team that everyone was talk of the town about the whole tournament. We had to beat them twice because they were undefeated and had to lose two games. The first game was a breeze, we won twelve to three. Then the final game we came out hitting and beat them again like it was nothing, twelve to two. We dog piled on the field, and after we stripped down to our sliding shorts then ran and jumped into the consortium behind the center field fence.Winning the world series in a different farming was the best baseball experience at the age of fourteen. Since I started playing at such a young age it got me prepared for middle prepare, in which I played both years. Then came lofty school, in which the fields were much bigger and bigger crowds. My senior year in high school was a year that I will never forget. I played five different positions, bestow my skills everywhere to help the team out in any way. I was First Team All-District utility(prenominal) Player of the Year and had the second best batting average in district. We had a great appease going undefeated in district.We were upset when we ended up losing in the second round of the playoffs to aboriginal Baton Rouge 3-1. I was shocked when they got the last out of the games, I didnt know what to do. after(prenominal) we went shakes hands the team just walked to the outfield and just sat down. It was a very emotional time because we were judge to win state. I walked to center field and just sat down and st arted tearing up. Some of the younger players didnt know what to do but it helped a lot when everyone started giving out hugs. Then after a while we got into a circle and the coaches said a few words, but it was hard for them to talk.That was in all likelihood the hardest to ever leave a baseball field. Once we walked back to the dugout the parents were waiting for us to reach to cheer us up. The seniors stayed in the dugout for probably an hour just realizing that was the last game we would play together on the same team. The baseball field looks amazing when the grass is freshly cut and the diamond dirt is freshly dragged on game day. The night games are the ones that get your heart pumping when the lights come on and the field is lit up. It makes you feel like yopur invincible.

Homer Simpson and Contemporary American Values of Fatherhood Essay Example for Free

homing pigeon Simpson and Contemporary the Statesn Values of Fatherhood EssayThe Simpsons is wholeness of the many television ushers in the United States of America which features a full length cartoon narrating the insouciant lives of a family. The appearance makes us confront the mistakenities of how virtually Ameri dopes live through the jovial portrayals and behaviors of the geeks in the excite show. While each of the members of the Simpsons family represent a several prevalent attitudes of Ameri give noticessome bordering on the hideous and some bordering on the goodthe viewers perceptions not scarcely about the American confederation in which he or she lives in but also about his or her egotism is ch eachenged. The show seems to attempt to push its viewers to reexamine their lives, studying on each mention in the Simpsons family and the stay of the characters in the show. In general, the Simpson household is a dysfunctional family, never aging through the cou rse of the show in years and often shoemakers lasts the show portraying the family members still loving one another disdain the odds. For the most part, the Simpsons family both reward and revolutionise contemporary American values in a number of ways.Each episode highlights the struggles of the family members of the Simpson household and the neighborhood, some time reaffirming several affectionate stereotypes and sometimes challenging our foster zones and our accepted beliefs. In any case, it is important to note that even the seemingly absurd gestures and encounters of every character in the animated show point to contemporary American values that may be both subverted or reinforced, depending on the interpretation of the viewer in most cases.Homer Simpson, the vex of the household, embodies the usual American dad. He is a father who enjoys drinking his beerspecifically called Duffwho is physically overweight and who is protective of his family. He works at the Springfiel d Nuclear Power Plant despite his c atomic number 18less characteristic, in that respectby suggesting that he has this potential to bring chaos to the rest of the community with his slightest mistakes while at work.App arntly, Homers characteristics reflect the typical American father who has the responsibility to raise his kids and secure the welf are of his family. His character subverts the contemporary American perception that divorce oftentimes results from a family that is dysfunctional. Despite his failures to provide for several needs of the Simpson household, he has never resorted to divorcing his wife, Marge. At the end of the day, Homer finds himself at home together with his wife in bed looking forward to the coming day ahead.Moreover, Homer has been shown to charter a strong regard for the welfare of his family in difficult times, such as in Lisa the Beauty Queen (1992) where he sold his prized car in order to enter her daughter, Lisa, into a beauty pageant to make h er feel better and in A Millhouse Divided (1996) where he arranged for a second espousal for his wife, Marge, to compensate for their unsatisfactory first wedding ceremony. On the other hand, some of Homers characteristics also reinforce some contemporary American values.One of these values is the thinking that typical American fathers spend their time drinking beer and submitting themselves to their weaknesses quite easily. some(a) of Homers weaknesses are his strong craving for doughnuts, his aggressive behavior in difficult times or in times when he is not adequate to(p) to complete his tasks and his low intelligence. In general, these things reinforce the stereotype of the American dad, reflecting the ethnical struggle of the American father in the American landscape, losing his intellectual bounce along the way.Looking at the ways in which Homer Simpson handles himself before his family, it can be state that his character implies the binary opposition mingled with depth an d skin-deep, centering and dispersal, and standoffishness and participation. For one, the character portrayal of Homer suggests the depth of his personality, one that can be easily interpreted as the typical American father at first glance but one that can also be interpreted as an unusual American dad on closer inspection.Despite raising a dysfunctional family on a mundane basis, Homer has not given up on his task as a father although there are times when he seems to be on the verge on bad up on things. While he is considered to be a borderline alcoholic, he does not end up entirely succumbing to his habit. On the contrary, he is able to maintain his fatherly figure and image and goes on to raise his family even when it meant attending to several jobs on many occasions. There is both the depth and the superficial qualities in Homer Simpson that represent American fathers in contemporary society.While at that, Homers character is also able to create distance and participation am ong the viewers. It is not surprising at all if the viewers of the show are able to relate to the experiences of the Simpson household because the experiences of Homers family might simply as well be the same daily experiences that other households experience. By focusing on the typical experiences of American families, the animated show is able to draw the attention of the viewing globe and, in a way, to allow them to participate in the show at least in terms of being able to relate to and find a part of themselves in the show.However, the animated show is also able to distance the viewer from the characters. In the sense that the nature of the showmeaning, its animated structuremakes the characters open to seemingly absurd situations, it is not always the case that the viewers are able to expect an exact representation of their daily experiences. That is, the cartoon characters can perform unrealistic behaviors that the real- action viewers can hardly imitate.The binary oppositi on between distance and participation in the show is also reflected in terms of how the show portrays the stereotypes prevalent in American society and, in the process, causes its viewers to identify themselves first with the shows characters and eventually make them to redefine themselves. The fact that The Simpsons explores the negative stereotypes in contemporary American society suggests that its viewers may or may not be able to fully relate to these stereotypes.Those who are able to relate to these stereotypes are more or less likely expected to distance themselves from these stereotypes or, more specifically, from Elizabeth Traube calls as the fictional self that it (stereotype) constructs (Traube, p. 129). Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson further suggest that popular gloss has not only been the offspring of societys beliefs, practices and objects generated from semipolitical and commercial centers but has also change state an entity on its own (Mukerji and Schudson, p. 53).Thus, it is not surprising to say that there will be so-called popular culture so long as there are conduits for expressing the generally observed patterns of behavior among people. The Simpsons is just one of the many social elements that showcase such patterns. The surmisal here is that some television shows such The Simpsons do not only serve the purpose of spotlight parts of the generally observed behaviors of peoplebehaviors that are parts of stereotypesbut also reinforce and subvert such observations at the same time.The very presence of these kinds of television shows help people realize what they have become. They aid the human civilization to notice the things that have become so familiar they no long-life strike the vein of our senses and sensibilities. In The Visible Evidence of Cultural Producers, Maureen Mahon suggests that forms of popular culture serve as arenas in which social actors struggle over social meanings and as transparent evidence of social proce sses and social relations (Mahon, p. 467). Apparently, Homer Simpsons character in the animated series struggles over social meanings within the context of the show.The context of the show, however, is anchored on the realities happening in the society. That, in turn, suggests that, indeed, the character of Homer is a visible evidence of several social processes and social relations in real life, from his struggles to raise his family and his role as a father. Jerry Herron also suggests that Homer Simpson is not only a reminder of how much of contemporary America has declined but is also a symbol for challenging our attitude towards the social stereotypes.In particular, Homer Simpson is an appealingness to the sensibility of the public towards popular culture to redefine themselves from the negative to the positive (Herron, p. 12). But what exactly are these positive and negative aspects and how are we able to identify them without confusing one over the other? The answers do not seem to be as clear and as simple as they seem. Based on Jerry Herrons article Homer Simpsons Eyes and the Culture of Late Nostalgia, it appears that Homer Simpson is both a criticism to societys stereotypes and, at the same time, as an embodiment of those stereotypes.Homer plays the role of an intellectually challenged but loving father. He takes the role of the typical American dad who loves to drink his favorite beer and only his is a character that challenges the contemporary attitude towards dysfunctional marriages and families. He directs the viewers attention to his character while making them reflect on their own lives and society at the same time. He shows some of lifes worse obscenities and yet allows the viewers to realize the stark contrasts between a life worth living and a life that is worthless.In essence, Homer Simpson subverts and reinforces contemporary American values. In Stereotypes and Registers of honorific Language, Asif Agha argues that stereotypes are consc iously grasped and are, hence, reportable, discussable, open to dispute and that they serve as models for some individuals and counter-models for others (Agha, p. 152). Following Aghas interpretation of stereotypes, the social perception towards the stereotype American father is still open to dispute and can in turn serve as the counter-model for what the American should be.Using Homer Simpson as an example, our notion of the decline American dad can be derived from some of the qualities of Homer Simpson. The conscious exposure of the viewing public towards The Simpsons can be an eye-opener for reassessing our standing perception of the stereotype American father. While the image portrayed by Homer is an entity on its own, it is nevertheless still created from the social realities that persist in contemporary America. It is only through a radical change in the contemporary American value system can the American society be lifted from its status quo.But that is not to say that the t ask of removing the binary opposition between depth and superficial, centering and dispersal and distance and participation begins at the stage where the American public is able to realize the stereotypes and recognize the counter-models. Rather, it begins right at the criticism of such stereotypes prevalent in popular culture. The creation of the character of Homer Simpson is perhaps the first stage in bringing the things that stupid down America into the public awareness.Of course, it is not enough to have shows such as The Simpsons, among others, to emphasize the cultural problems of America and to compel people to address these problems. However, it is only necessary to first bring elements of popular culture into the surface, elements that both reinforce and subvert contemporary American values in order to proceed with the tasks of criticizing what has become of this nation and its people and of resolving what needs to be resolved.

Boca Juniors Essay Example for Free

Boca Juniors EssayTrading players have become a profitable piece of business for association football familiaritys globally especially in proven leagues in southern Ameri whoremonger continents. Its had become an immanent practice to ensure cash flows remain healthy from the export of interior(a) bred talents which is abundant in soccer crazy countries like genus Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In the case of Boca Juniors, the club electric chair is faced with an enviable position where there is an option to sell players at the peak of their game for a nice profit. Both players, Gago and Palacio are key players in the team with a string of accolades in their neat stint there. Their performances have generated a lot of excitement and have caught the eyes of Europes largest clubs such as Barcelona, realistic Madrid etcIn a business where the playing lives of soccer players are limited, it makes sense to trade them at their flower to the highest bidder. My recommendation to Macri is to offload the older Palacios to FC Barcelona while keeping the younger Gago and work uping on his let (with more playing time, titles) and market value. While losing a key player may be disruptive, Macri can derive many get aheads from the cash generated to the tune of USD4m. (17.5% monomania) Among the tangible benefits1. The proceeds from the sales event give befriend tightlipped the gap on the loss and perhaps push Boca to profitability in fiscal 2007. Also, among the immediate benefit is the decrease in wage bill Boca had to increase Palacios salary significantly if he had stayed. This is an eventful consideration as Macri will be leaving Boca to run for mayor of the city of Buenos Aires, he will like to leave a lasting legacy and his decision may prove to be essential to the impression that he leaves the club in a dependable state with the necessary support social organisation he developed and a team that is capable to challenge for honours.2. Expand La Cantera Boca Jrs has a good youth policy and are known to foster many of the worlds top players i.e. Tevez, Caniggia and Riquelme. The surplus funds can be utilize to expand the existing facilities at the La Cantera Youth academy expansion to cover branch academies in satellite cities or organize more coaching clinics crosswise Argentina. 3. Staff additional scouts casting the scouting net wider across all 18 cities in Argentina (incl Buenos Aires). This is critical to feed the academy with talent and nurturing them to become exceptional players. The excess can be used to fund scouting headcount.4. Enhance La Bombonera additional funds to be used to build a hospitality wing or upgrade facilities to include more VIP boxes and preferred position. Expanding the stadium seating may be considered merely the costs may exceed the contribution from the player sale. (it has already been overstated previously in 1996 to 57,000 seats). Although not critical, the renovation could help generate more funds through and through ticketing or tours. 5. Investment fund track record the sale will improve yield and performance of the fund. With the sale of Palacio, the private investors stand to earn up to 65% on the profits. This could amount to USD14.3m (65% of USD22m), the highest sale amount to be recorded by the fund. This could in turn be reinvested to purchase new players (outright purchase to replace the striker) to help compliment their efforts in churning new players through the youth academy.Moreover, there are also nonphysical benefits to this arrangement such a sale could be aligned with their heritage of promoting players to the first team through their youth system. It is a chance for new and younger players to breakthrough.As for Gago, he can stay and build on his value he is young and could spend another 2-3 years to build his credential (soccer players prime between 21-25 years old). His value will continue to grow if Boca is successful on the field du ring this period. Besides, significant Madrid has shown admiration and made their intentions known a transfer down the road seems inevitable (player himself indicating interest) but Boca could use this to their advantage by pitting Real Madrid up against other clubs in a bid to price him up from their initial offer of USD26m. Gagos contract is also without encumbrance and his ownership structure is not as complicated as Palacio. All proceeds from future sale could be booked as 100% profit for Boca.All these benefit could be captured without much impact to revenues. I anticipate that ticket sales, television rights, membership fees or marketing revenues will continue to grow testify by the strong following it has in Argentina. Boca fans are known to be dedicated and loyal to club due to the steep heritage being one of the most successful clubs in history of soccer 22 Argentine League championships, 16 international titles including 5 Copa Libertadores and 3 Intercontinental Cups . The Intergenerational following and homespun(p) origin (Xeneize) appeals to the working class and has an affinity of close to 40% of soccer fans in Argentina.

Chapter Study Questions 1 & 2 Essay Example for Free

Chapter Study Questions 1 2 Essay1.What percentage of Texans live in urban areas (cities suburbs)? 90% of the people now lives in crowed cities and suburbs.2.Name the triad cities in Texas that are trio of the largest in US? Houston, San Antonio and Dallas3.What are the three diverse economic businesses in Texas? 4 Oil and gas producer now work alongside high-tech companies, telecommunications giants, and new(prenominal) Copernican business sectors.4.In what areas does Texas consistently rank at the bottom in take spending compared to other affirms? 4 Texas consistently ranks near the bottom of the states in spending on education, welfare, and healthcare for poor. 5.Is Texas a high-tax, high-business regulatory state or is it low-tax, low-regulatory? Texas is low-tax and low-regulatory climate.6.Are Texas well informed about giving medication and elected officials? Do they trust government? 4 Texans are woefully ignorant of their state and local government and the publi c officials who garner important decisions affect their daily lives.7.Does Texas have a regressive or progressive tax system and what do these sloshed? Texas has a regressive tax system, which means a tax that imposes a disproportionately heavier burden on low-income people than on the more affluent.8.What is meant by economic diversification and has Texas through with(p) this? 6 Economic diversification is the development of new and varied business activities. New business were encouraged to relocated to or aggrandise in Texas after the oil and gas industry, which had been the base of the states economy, suffered a major break in the 1980s.9.What is meant by cowboy rugged individualism and how has this impacted Texans facial expressions of government as a firmness to problems? The cowboy rugged individualism, with strong connotations of self-help and independence, symbolizes a political culture in Texas that does not like to ensure to government as a solution to some(pre nominal) of its problems. It is the kind of individualism that continues to be exploited by political candidates in campaign ads.10. What impact did having a frontier have on Texans? On ability argue that the wide-open spaces of the frontier shaped Texansview of their autonomy, independence, and vulnerability. It has clearly shaped attitudes toward country and the legal right to use land as one sees fit.11. What three combined groups now make up the majority of Texans and how does their historical experiences differ from that of Anglos? What celebration are part of their political culture? African American, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. The white population have limited relevance to the relevance to the cultural and historical experiences of many African American and Hispanic Texans. For African American is Martin Luther King Jrs birthday as state holiday in 1991. And for Hispanics is the Cinco de Mayo.12.Just what does political culture mean and describe the individualistic subc ulture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 9 Political culture a widely shared set of views, attitudes, beliefs and customs of a people as to how their government should be organized and run. Individualistic subculture holds that politics and government function as a marketplace. Government does not have to be concerned with creating a good or lesson society but exists for strictly. Government should be limited, and its intervention in the private activities of its citizens should be kept to a minimum. The Government primary function is to ensure the stability of a society so that individuals can act their own interests.13. Describe the moralistic subculture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 9-10 Moralistic subculture is a view that governments primary reasonability is to promote the public welfare and should actively use its authority and provide to improve the social and economic well-being of its citizens. T he Moralistic subculture regards politics as one of the great activities of a man in his search for the good society.14.Describe the traditionalistic subculture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 10 a view that political military group should e concentrated in the hands of a few elite citizens who belong to established families or influential social groups. Public policy basically serves the interests of this downcast group. The traditionalistic subcultureholds the view that there is a hierarchical arrangement to the political order. This hierarchy serves to limit the power and influence of general public, while allocating authority to few individuals who comprise self-perpetuating elites.15. In what states or colonies did you originally fall upon these three subcultures and what two best describe Texas?16. How big is the immanent American population in Texas and of the three remaining groups, do they have the right to have casinos? 11 Alabama- Coushatta, Tigua and Kickappo are the three small Native American groups that live on reservations in Texas. And the Native American population is less than one-half of 1 percent of the States total population. They have been denied the right to run casinos on their reservation. Even thought, their leader consider casinos a major potential source of revenue, jobs and economic development for their people, but recent efforts to change state rectitude have been unsuccessful.17. Were there ever a great many Hispanics in Texas prior to 1830 and what was it down to by 1887? How much had this increased by 1930, 1990, and 2012? 12 Prior 1830 the Hispanic population were a small nonage of the population. By 1887 the Hispanic population had declined to approximately 4 percent of states population. In 1930 it was 12 percent and was concentrated in the border counties from Brownsville to el Paso. By 1990s, it had reached 25 percent, spurred by immigration from Mexico and other Latin American countries. By 2012 the Hispanics comprised 37.6 percent of the states population.18.What two ethnic or racial groups are growing the fastest in Texas and by 2030-what group will be the largest? How have Hispanics done in terms of elected officials compared to other states?12 The two ethnic will be Asian and Hispanics. However the Hispanics are likely to exceed 50 percent of the states total.19. Compare the %s of Anglos, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians found in Texas in 1860 and those found in 2010? Chart 13 In 1860 it was a percent of 63.2% of Anglo. The 30.3 % are African American and 6.5% were Hispanic. However in 2010, 45.3% were Anglo, 11.5% were African American, 37.6% were Hispanic and 5.6% wereother.20.Where do African Americans tend to live in Texas? African American settled in large numbers in the urban areas of Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and Austin.21. In 2010, how many Texans were there and what was the step-up rate of the state compared to the national growth rate and where did people move from and to in the US? 16 According to the 2010 census, the states population was 25,145,561, an increase of approximately 4.3 million people in ten years. This growth rate of 20.6 percent was importantly higher than the national growth rate of growth rate of 9.7 percent.

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Pre in force(predicate) Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin g elbow rooming Nursing EssayTraditionally operative sensory copper remotion has been carried out as struggle conceptualization method to reduce exposure to bacteria which may lead to running(a) come out transmissions (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs atomic number 18 defined by Centres for Disease Control (CDC) as superficial, deep incision and organ transmittal. According to milling machine (2001) sensory blur has been re move for such reason as exaspe commit asepsis, suitable placement of bandages, and access to operative billet and accurate approximation of injury edges. Though preoperative fuzz remotion has been in go for since 18th century its impact on the breach site has been under contention and at that placefore attracted the antecedents delight in seeking ways of hair remotion without shin damage. However there are concerns that hair removal increases rather than reduces infection, in a domai n carried out by Astegnau et al (2001) to identify mortality and morbidity related to operative site infection civilizeed that paring increased the pretend of infection by facilitating colonisation of bacteria in the operating site. Many organisations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practise (AFPP2007) fuddle moved away from hair removal.There is no clarity in literature as to the origin of preoperative hair removal, but researchers conclude to the fact that the surgeons of the date believed that wounds might heal much than quickly if hair could be pr tied(p)ted from becoming entangled in the sutures and wound during closure (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor substantiated the emergence of preoperative hair removal in a systematic literature review by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as an established institutionalize establish on assumption of preventing functional site infection. most other methods, voltaic c lipping and depilatory scans have been highlighted as having lower institutionaliseoperative wound infection rates.Hair is associated with poor hygiene habits be bear it harbours bacteria and removing it is panorama to reduce surgical infections (Kumar 2002). Hair removal is make by groom with either a razor or a limiter which are believed to bring twain visible and microscopic injuries (Briggs1997). The damage ca utilise by a razor or a clipper can release flora-providing access to serous exudates on which micro organisms may grow (Small 1996). Skin is eer a hunting ground for microbes. Once the skins protective barrier is diminished primarily by a surgeons incision, microbes can potentially contaminate the wound. Loius Pasteur in confirmation of the existing understanding into the world of infection hypothesized in his germ theory that invisible bacteria could ca role surgical infection if they gained entry through the busted skin (Fogg 2003).A national audit in 2004 su ggests that surgical site infections increases patients hospital stay, and increases health wish cost by delaying wound healing, this causes major physical limitations and reduced quality of life (Whitehouse et al 2002). If occurring by and by discharge the patient is likely to be readmitted which is a burden to the patient and can even cause death (Plowman 2000). Surgical site infections occurs within 30 daylightlights after operation, exudes pus and shows one of the spare-time activity symptoms pain, localised swelling and redness according to the Centre for Disease Control (1999).While once sure as a standard practise for surgical procedures, hair removal is now being considered in great depth in the research. This essay will review the role of hair removal in the perioperative setting and its impact on surgical site infections. The author will discuss research regarding nurses and doctors noesis on cheered guidelines on hair removal methods, comparison and timing of hai r removal methods and their relationship to incidences of surgical site infections.Keywords used for the search are preoperative skin preparation, hair removal, preoperative razor shaving, galvanising clipping, depilatory unctions and surgical site infections. The databases utilised were CINAHL, Cochraine database of systematic reviews, health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The studies were make in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey.Hair Removal MethodsRazor shaving is the cheapest and most commonly used hair removal method ( chromatic et al. 2007). Using a sharp blade held with the transfer of the razor that is drawn to the patients skin to cut hair close to the skin surface. Razor shaving increases bacterial infection rates (Basevi lavender 2001). Another method entails the use of clipper that uses fine teeth to remove hair close to the skin leaving stubble of usually one millimetre in length. Heads are disposable and handles are disinfected amidst patients to minimise risk of cross infection (Tanner et al. 2006). A further method is the use of depilatory thrashs that utilises chemicals, which dissolves the patients hair. lam has to be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A patch test should be make 24 hours in front development the cream as more or less patients can develop allergic reactions and some have sensitive skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002).Miller et al. (2001) conducted a retrospective field comparing all patients who underwent intracranial procedures in the last two and half(prenominal) years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to posit whether no hair removal increase post operative infection rate. Results were documented as minor, moderate and severe. Of the 250 subjects used 150 patients were not shaved and 7% create post operative wound infection compared to 6.6% infections in the shaved concourse. There was no statistical significance in these findings thou gh the hear size is large for an organisational setting however the finding could not be mouth based on this number. An experimental study was performed on 82 patients who underwent abdominal surgery between November thirtieth May 2005 to determine the effect of preoperative hair removal on post operative wound infection. Patients were told the aim of the study and they signed consents. Inclusion criteria were patients who had not been hospitalised within the last 30 days and didnt have infections while being admitted. Control host with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study group clippers were used. Patients were observed for signs of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the study group developed SSI compared to 25.6 % in the control group. The results are statistically significant but the sample size is small and the fact that abdominal surgeries are viewed dirtier than lower limbs makes findings hard to generalise however the length of time and the study envisi on utilised would have enabled the establishment of rigor for the findings to be reliable. The study uptake therefore will be better with an increased sample size. Though the latest studies are endorsing hair clipping (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), more studies unavoidableness to be carried out.A double-blind prospective study was carried out between 2000-2004 for all patients undergoing spinal surgery (Celik et al. 2007 ) to determine the effect of razor shaving and increased rate of postoperative site infection compared to no hair removal. The shaved group consisted of 371 subjects and the unshaved group comprised of 418 subjects. Patients were fullyy informed around the study and consents obtained. The subjects were randomly allocated according to pre-surgical shaving status. Exclusion criteria involved patients with skin conditions acne, furuncle and sebaceous cyst, patients with nutritional deficiency and health check conditions like diabetes and cancer. Same s kin preparations were done in both groups. Both subjects received prophylactic antibiotics.Postoperatively, both groups were observed for signs of infection redness swelling and purulent discharge and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sediment rate. Infection was higher in the shaved group (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved group (1.07%) developed infection and in only 1 patient in the unshaved group (0.23%). The findings suggest that preoperative hair removal increases postoperative infections. This study was ethically approved and both methodology and aim were clear and concise. These all confirm its reliability however giving antibiotics during procedures may mask the results causing the study to be undependable.A disarrange control study was conducted by (Menendez et al. 2004) aiming to assess the effectuate of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological surgery. A sample size of three hundred patients was used. 149 patients were shaved and 15 1 were not shaved. In both groups urine samples were taken for culture before being inclined prophylactic antibiotic and again at one week before the catheter was remote. In the shaved group 19.5% developed infection as compared to 16.6% in the non-shaved group. The difference was found not to be statistically significant. The results were based on testing urine samples than in the wounds making the study invalid. There is no clarity about ethical considerations and if the aim and purpose of the study was explained to the subjects and whether the consent obtained was informed. The prophylactic administration of the antibiotics makes the study to be punic and not valid.In Cochraine collaboration review data Tanner et al. (2007) conducted eleven randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effects of routine preoperative hair removal with razor as coupled to no hair removal in postoperative infection. The authors concluded that there is no sufficient evidence to prove that hair re moval causes an increased risk of surgical site infections. However the study suggested the use of clippers or depilatory cream when necessary to remove hair with an idea that both methods results in fewer surgical site infections. relation of hair removal methodsTrussell et al. (2008) conducted a thirty nine month observational study where razor shaving utensils were removed and replaced with clippers. The sample size consisted of one thousand eight hundred and twenty seven patients undergoing coronary bypass procedure. There was an in-service training for both nurses and doctors to teach them the effects of razor shaving, instructing them how to use electric clippers which is thought to be less traumatic to the skin when removing hair .The rate of sternal infections decreased from 3.5% to 1.5 %(p= .001) when using electric clippers. The qualitative method and the design of the above study suits the sample size, and neither observational bias nor antibiotic masking of the findings were introduced in the study resulting in a proper analysis of the data.The results in like manner showed that the removals of razors and staff commandment not to use them for shaving were cost effective, and time effective. Costs related to preoperative hair removal are associated with postoperative infection and longer stay of patients in the hospital.A prospective report of Cruse and ford (1980) cited in ledgers a-z Spine (2007 insert author here) with the objective to evaluate post operative clean surgical wounds in 3 groups. In a prospective observational study they compared patients shaved with razor, electric clippers and those with no hair removal. They did long term follow up on 62,339 patients. In this study the patients were not scrub with antiseptic solution. Their findings were that only 2.8% infections occurred in patients whose hair was removed by clippers compared to 3.2% in razor shaved patients and 0.9 in unshaved group. The sample size is good, the method and aim is clearly explained this makes the study reliable and rigorous. The results of a resembling study carried by Zetner et al cited in spine (2007 insert author here) for patients who underwent craniotomy found that infection rate was lower in patients whose hair was removed with clippers observational studies favoured clipping.Shaving Versus Depilatory CreamA randomised controlled study conducted by Kjonnisken et al. (2002) included 400 subjects for abdominal surgery divided in three groups. In shaved group 12.4% develop infection, 7.9% in the depilatory group and 7.8% in non shaved group. The results are unreliable proof of effects of hair removal because the use of antiseptic solutions and giving antibiotics during the operation has affected the grimness of the study. The study design being suitable for a quantitative method of study could be considered unfruitful due to poor detailed explanation of the randomisation method.Seven trials involving 1213 subjects were included wh ich consisted of mixed surgical procedures in 1 trial. There was a variation in times of outcome assessments ranging from 2 to 28 days. overall results 10% (65/670) patients developed surgical site infection in the shaved group compared to 7 % (38/543) who were in a group of cream hair removal. The results of this study are not reliable because 3 of the trials did not report at what period the assessment was carried out. Observational studies showed more significant effect when using depilatory cream, although creams reported adverse effects such as skin allergies and reactions.TIME AND PLACEAnother phenomenon unambiguous in literature in relation to hair removal methods causing postoperative surgical site infections is time and place of hair removal. There is evidence that the adverse effect of bacterial access and harvesting produced by razor and clippers is worsened by the interval between shaving injury and surgery. The timing of hair removal has been determined according to health workers schedule rather than in response to scientific evidence.Tanner et al. (2006) argued that there is little evidence that supports the assumption that removing hair as close to time of surgery minimises the time of bacteria to colonise the cuts caused by shaving. Surveys have found that a majority of hospitals have policies to remove surgical site hair the evening before surgery. A randomised study of 1,013 patients cited in Advanced journal of nursing 2006 (who is the author) showed no significant difference in numbers of surgical site infections when skin was shaved the evening before or day of the operation (p=0.69). maven trial of 531 patients found that 5.1% of patients shaved the day before surgery developed surgical site infections compared to 6.5% of patients shaved on the day of surgery (where is the ref.). This seems to oppose hair removal close to the time of surgery. The same study compared using clippers on the night before surgery and on the good morning just before surgery. Results were in favour of clipping in the morning before surgery (p.0.027 on discharge). This was maintained at a 30-day follow up (p=0.006)( what is the meaning of this.) One prospective observational study conducted by Alexander 2003 cited in (Joanna Briggs systematic literature review 2007) with sample size of 536 patients found that patients shaved 12 hours before surgery had lower risk of surgical site infections than patients shaved less than 2 hour prior to surgery. ( why is this so)A survey was carried out on 589 surgeons in Canada comparing their practises to recommendations of evidence based guidelines on preventing surgical site infection. A list was generated using the database of College of Physicians and Surgeons currently practising in the province. The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board. Surveys were emailed to the participants and only 242 were returned by mail without return address with 63% showing non compliance with the r ecommendations. Compared with general surgeons, gynaecological and plastic surgeons used razors than clippers, p=.004. (why are these hanging)A questionnaire-based survey was conducted between February and April 2005 to assess the opinions and practices of surgeons and ward staff with regard to patients hair removal. The answers suggested that they were not up to date with the literature and its effect on postoperative wound infections. If attitudes are to veer, the surgeons need to develop a protocol with clear guidelines as to when and by what technique they need hair removal to be performed.Recommendations and Implications to PracticeAs patients advocates nurses need to play an important role in reducing the incidences of surgical site infections. Nursing procedures that are harmful to the patients may breach codes of professional standards. Alongside the nurses ethical concern to protect their patient it is important that nurses are aware they may be held legally accountable f or their actions. just about hospital acquired infections can be prevented by implementing effective, preventive strategies throughout the patients surgical journey. Nurses have to develop patients facts of life materials on proper hair removal. Whenever hair is to be removed it should be done by individual who has knowledge of appropriate technique and is skilful to the procedure. Through continued staff educational programmes and in-service education on the use of clippers to improve compliance with professional recommendations and promote patients safety. Nurses need to assess patients skin prior to hair removal to identify any potential risk of cuts. They must keep abreast with research findings incorporating resulting guidelines into practice. To increase their advocacy role with regards to preoperative hair removal, nurses must work together with infection control staff, supplying management and risk management to minimise the risk of infections.(why). The research into p reventing surgical site infections found that preoperative hair removal is not necessary to reduce the risk of infection and should be avoided.The studies reviewed show there is a relationship between shaving with razor and increased surgical site infection rates. contrasting hair removal practises are recommended by organisations that set guidelines and standards for practice (Guidelines for Centre for DISEASE CONTROL and AORN 2007 (Recommended practice for skin preparation) states that hair removal is not necessary unless it interferes with the incision, draping and putting dressings. If hair needs to be removed they recommend using clippers instead of razor, for they are safe and easy to use. Norwegian centre for health engineering science assessment argues that there is no strong evidence in favour of or against hair removal, and recommend not to avoid preoperative hair removal.Although evidence is limited on the timing of clipping, its recommended it has to be done as close t o the time of surgery preferable two hours before. They further specify that hair should be clipped using a single use electric clipper with a reusable head that can be sterilized between patients. However the authors opinion is that clippers with disposable heads should be utilised since it is more cost effective and time saving when compared to sterilisation. They recommend hair clipping outside the operating room to minimise the dispersal of hair which have potential of contaminating the sterile field and surgical wound (Mews 2000). Hospital infection society working party guidelines recommend using cream a day before surgery. Depilatories may be used if skin testing has been done following the manufacturer instruction, without tissue paper irritation. Since creams can be messy patients may be advised to use them before turning up for admission. Some hospitals tranquillize continue routine hair removal long after dissemination of recommendations against it. The author believes t hat it is an indication to audit hair removal procedures and adhere to the recommended guidelines and policies.In addition to the clinical advantages, clippers are also cost effective. One study by Trussell et al (2008) estimated a cost saving of $270,000 per 1000 patients when shaving was replaced with clipping. The study also concluded that long-term savings should be considered due to reduction of the incidences of postoperative wound infections. Other studies reported cost comparisons between wet razors shave and use of cream finding cream to be expensive. This cost saving was limited, covering only minimal direct costs rather than full range of direct and indirect costs of shaving items compared with the cost of depilatory cream. The use of depilatory cream was also found to be effective, though there are limitations to its use due to time factor. ratiocinationSurgical site infection is one of the commonest health associated infections. Surgical site infections can occur in 10% of patients each year resulting in delayed wound healing, increased hospital stay, unnecessary pain, readmission and even death.Seemingly there is no scientific basis of preoperative skin shaving. Studies illustrates that preoperative hair removal methods have been found to be the causes of surgical site infections, because of the cuts they cause on the skin making it to be colonised by microbes. Hair clipping is considered the favoured method of hair removal but its not without error. preoperative hair clipping protocol was developed in 2003 (by who) and literature reviews have proven that these policies are still relevant. Studies have also reinforced the importance of staff education which will help to strengthen the use of electric clippers. Nurses must keep abreast of research findings to be able to support their rationale for change when championing this crusade to their medical colleagues. Through these efforts the surgical team can provide the safest environment to reduce t he risk for the development of surgical site infections, promoting positive outcomes for all surgical patients. Future research will determine the effectiveness and success of clippers which improves patients safety against surgical site infections.