An experiment to find out how changing the concentration of acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An experiment to find emerge how changing the concentration of acidaffects the esteem of reactionPlanningAimI am to find forth how changing the concentration of the hydrochloricacid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction. The hydrochloric acid ordain bereacting with marble chips (small, medium, large).During my experiment I testament be changing one variable. This will be theconcentration of the acid. I will use the concentration of HCL from0.5 molar/dm3 to 3.0 molar/dm3. I will use 3grams of marble chips forevery size of chip. By doing this I will find out if the rate ofreaction is quicker or slower using a different concentration of acid.The equation I will be using isCaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H20 (l) + CO2 (g)Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Water CarbonCarbonate Acid Chloride DioxideMethodFirstly I must let the correct equipment and assemble it dependablely andcorrectly. To do this I will fill a water tray half full with water.Then I will perk 3g medium chips. I will me asure 30cm3 ofhydrochloric acid. I will connect the delivery tube to the measuringcylinder which is turned over which will be full with water. This isshown on my diagram. I will begin timing using a stopwatch and recordthe results every 10 seconds for 1 minute. I will use 0.5molar/dm3 to3.0molar/dm3 of hydrochloric acid and record 3 sets of results andthen I will take an average.Fair TestIn order to make my experiment safe I will change only one thing. Iwill be changing the concentration of the acid. Everything else willremain the same through out the experiment. I will use the sameequipment and do the experiment during the same lesson where I can.This can be important because room temperature can increase the rateof reaction. The temperature could be higher on a certain day andaffect my results.Background InformationRates of Reaction* Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a chemical substance reaction.* Some chemical reactions are fast and others are slow. A fast react ion could be a rocket exploding, and a slow reaction is metal rusting.* Rates of reaction can be measured by finding out how quickly a product is formed or how quickly a reactant is used up.* Examples of measuring reaction rates include measurement of the volume of gas formed, and measurement of the loss in mass when a gas is prone off.How does surface area affect a chemical reaction? If one of the reactants is a solid, the surface area of the solid will

Japans Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay -- History Pearl Harbor

Japans Attack on Pearl moderateOn the dawn of the 7th of December 1941, the unfolding of the strategic surprise attack on Pearl experience which had been planned in secrecy several months in advance by the empire of Japan took enthrone and was known and remembered by many as the day of infamy (Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 7th 1941). The surprise attack executed by the Nipponese military engrave named Kido Butai on Pearl Harbor resulted in many casualties to both the Japanese and American forces. Most importantly the accomplishment of Japans main goal of destroying the possible menace of the join States pacific fleet. Although the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was extremely successful, it also consequently for the Japanese resulted in the awakening of the sleeping hulk (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). Pearl Harbor is a simple bay located on the is ground of Hawaii west of Honolulu. The majority of the Harb or and surrounding land belongs to the United States deep water naval base and also home of the United States Pacific fleet.Many months before the attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese empire began a southward expansion invading mainland China and much of south East Asia hoping to acquire the rich resources of Asia. The United States strongly unlike this aggression and demanded that Japan stop its actions but the Japanese empire ignored the demands.In December 1937 the dispute between Japan and America was only fuelled when Japanese planes sank the United States river gunboat Panay, fortunately this crisis was only temporarily resolved by Japanese apologies and reparations. As further tension grew between the two nations, the United States enacted an embargo... ...en as a possible threat to the empire of Japan and also because the United States Pacific fleet had the power and strength to foil Japans plans of invading and taking territory from China and much of south East Asia in sea rch of the natural resources. The Embargo enacted on the Japanese empire by the United States froze all exports of steel, scrap iron, strain fuel and petroleum, also initially resulted in the attack on Pearl Harbor by the empire of Japan. As the attack on Pearl Harbor proved to be extremely successful for the Japanese, it also consequently resulted in the Awakening of the Sleeping Giant (Isoroku Yamamoto, December 7th 1941). The official involvement of the United States in World War II and also the most consequential obstacle faced by the Japanese empire, the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed hundreds of thousands of people.

Neo Nazi Skinheads :: essays research papers

Skinheads be a subdivision group of modern-Nazis. During the late 1960s, skinhead groups organized in Britain. By the 1970s, the British study Front (NF)-the Nation Socialist Party- began to infiltrate skinhead groups. They espoused nationalism, and often staged protests against nonwhite immigration. The trend spread to other countries including the United States, and Canada. Today, skinhead groups in North America argon cognize by such names as Hammerskins, Fourth Reich Skins, League of Aryan Warriors, and American Front. These racist skinheads, who argon kn stimulate for their shaved heads and membership in detest groups, have been responsible for many violent acts. According to Mertons anomie theory, they exhibit the fifth adaptive strategy, which is rebellion. They reject societys goals and replace them with their bear deviant goals and means. The skinheads subscribe to Nazi beliefs, as outlined in the 1920s by the German dictator Adolf Hitler. The new Nazis (or Neo-Nazi s kinheads) have formed groups or alliances with other radical far-right people. Radical far-right people refer to those who favor a society with one language, religion and way of life. They ar often antigovernment, and usually oppose a pluralistic society. A pluralistic society is a society with people from many different language backgrounds, religions and lifestyles. Neo-Nazi groups are made up of people who despise those different from themselves. However, they often claim that those who oppose them are the ones full of loathe. They also say their critics will non mind to reasonable arguments about Nazi views. Yet, their so-called reasonable arguments are usually based on partial truths or outright falsehoods. Their philosophy is to hate everybody else that is not of the Aryan race. They believe that they are doing nothing wrong and they are just proud of their race and their culture.The normal thing for a skinhead to do is lawsuit down the street, and look for anybody that w as different blacks Hispanics, etc. They would then throw things such as beer bottles, and yell at the person, and if the person yelled back, it gave them a right to savagely beat them.Members of the white supremacy movement look for young, angry kids who need a family. Since the early 1990s, neo-Nazi skinheads have attempted to lure new members done music. There are people who recruit people, mostly teenagers into the Neo-Nazi movement. They mainly target junior high schools in particular and instigate fights between white and non-white kids.Neo Nazi Skinheads essays research papers Skinheads are a subdivision group of Neo-Nazis. During the late 1960s, skinhead groups organized in Britain. By the 1970s, the British field of study Front (NF)-the Nation Socialist Party- began to infiltrate skinhead groups. They espoused nationalism, and often staged protests against nonwhite immigration. The trend spread to other countries including the United States, and Canada. Today, skinhea d groups in North America are cognise by such names as Hammerskins, Fourth Reich Skins, League of Aryan Warriors, and American Front. These racist skinheads, who are known for their shaved heads and membership in hate groups, have been responsible for many violent acts. According to Mertons anomie theory, they exhibit the fifth adaptive strategy, which is rebellion. They reject societys goals and replace them with their own deviant goals and means. The skinheads subscribe to Nazi beliefs, as outlined in the 1920s by the German dictator Adolf Hitler. The new Nazis (or Neo-Nazi skinheads) have formed groups or alliances with other radical far-right people. Radical far-right people refer to those who favor a society with one language, religion and way of life. They are often antigovernment, and usually oppose a pluralistic society. A pluralistic society is a society with people from many different language backgrounds, religions and lifestyles. Neo-Nazi groups are made up of people wh o despise those different from themselves. However, they often claim that those who oppose them are the ones full of hate. They also say their critics will not get a line to reasonable arguments about Nazi views. Yet, their so-called reasonable arguments are usually based on partial truths or outright falsehoods. Their philosophy is to hate everybody else that is not of the Aryan race. They believe that they are doing nothing wrong and they are just proud of their race and their culture.The normal thing for a skinhead to do is causal agent down the street, and look for anybody that was different blacks Hispanics, etc. They would then throw things such as beer bottles, and yell at the person, and if the person yelled back, it gave them a right to brutally beat them.Members of the white supremacy movement look for young, angry kids who need a family. Since the early 1990s, neo-Nazi skinheads have attempted to lure new members by dint of music. There are people who recruit people, mostly teenagers into the Neo-Nazi movement. They mainly target junior high schools in particular and instigate fights between white and non-white kids.

Torvald and Nora in in Ibsens A Dolls House :: A Doll’s House

The Character of Torvald and Nora in A Dolls house In Ibsens A Dolls House, there argon many clues that hint at the kind of marriage Nora and Torvald have. It seems that Nora is a type of doll that is controlled by Torvald. Nora is completely dependent on Torvald. His thoughts and movements are her thoughts and movements. Nora is a puppet who is dependent on its puppet master for all of its actions. The most obvious example of Torvalds physical control over Nora force out be seen in his teaching of the tarantella. Nora pretends that she needs Torvald to teach her any move in order to relearn the dance. The reader knows that this is an act, but it still shows her complete submissiveness to Torvald. by and by he teaches her the dance, he proclaims Torvald. ...When you were dancing the tarantella, chasing, inviting--my blood was on fire I couldnt stand it any longer--thats why I brought you down so early-- Nora. Leave me now, Torvald. cheer I dont want all this. Torvald. What do you mean? Youre only playing your myopic teasing bird game with me arent you, Nora? Dont want to? Im your husband, arent I? (Isben 447) This shows that Torvald is more enkindle in Nora physically than emotionally. He feels that it is one of Noras main duties as his wife to physically pleasure him at his command. Torvald is not only demanding mentally and physically, but as well financially. He does not trust Nora with money. He feels that she is incapable and too immature to handle a matter of such importance. Torvald sees Nora as a child. She is forever his little true sparrow or squirrel. On the rare occasion that Torvald does give Nora some money, he worries that she will waste it on candy, pastry or something else of Childish and shadowy value. Noras duties, in general, are restricted to caring for the children, doing housework, and working on her needlepoint. But overall, Noras most important responsibility is to please Torvald. This makes her role similar to that of a slave. The caper in A Dolls House does not lie with Torvald alone. Though he does not help the situation, he is a product of his society. In his society, females were confined in every way imaginable.Torvald and Nora in in Ibsens A Dolls House A Dolls HouseThe Character of Torvald and Nora in A Dolls House In Ibsens A Dolls House, there are many clues that hint at the kind of marriage Nora and Torvald have. It seems that Nora is a type of doll that is controlled by Torvald. Nora is completely dependent on Torvald. His thoughts and movements are her thoughts and movements. Nora is a puppet who is dependent on its puppet master for all of its actions. The most obvious example of Torvalds physical control over Nora can be seen in his teaching of the tarantella. Nora pretends that she needs Torvald to teach her every move in order to relearn the dance. The reader knows that this is an act, but it still shows her complete submissiveness to Torvald. After he teaches her the dance, he proclaims Torvald. ...When you were dancing the tarantella, chasing, inviting--my blood was on fire I couldnt stand it any longer--thats why I brought you down so early-- Nora. Leave me now, Torvald. Please I dont want all this. Torvald. What do you mean? Youre only playing your little teasing bird game with me arent you, Nora? Dont want to? Im your husband, arent I? (Isben 447) This shows that Torvald is more interested in Nora physically than emotionally. He feels that it is one of Noras main duties as his wife to physically pleasure him at his command. Torvald is not only demanding mentally and physically, but also financially. He does not trust Nora with money. He feels that she is incapable and too immature to handle a matter of such importance. Torvald sees Nora as a child. She is forever his little sparrow or squirrel. On the rare occasion that Torvald does give Nora some money, he worries that she will waste it on candy, pastry or something else o f Childish and useless value. Noras duties, in general, are restricted to caring for the children, doing housework, and working on her needlepoint. But overall, Noras most important responsibility is to please Torvald. This makes her role similar to that of a slave. The problem in A Dolls House does not lie with Torvald alone. Though he does not help the situation, he is a product of his society. In his society, females were confined in every way imaginable.

Charles Goodyear Essay -- essays research papers

Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charless father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly bring abouting tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teen come onr he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his fathers business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who to a fault lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he sold the products that h is father made. iv years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never present back the money that they owed. Charless health started to downslope and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didnt pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. ...

Charles Goodyear Essay -- essays research papers

Charles Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to Amasa and Cynthia Goodyear. Charless father was a hardware manufacture and a merchant. Amasa Goodyear built mainly farming tools like hayforks and scythes, which he invented. When Charles was a teenager he wanted to go into the ministry and become a pastor, but his father convinced him that he was a good business man and placed him in the hardware store of the Rogers brothers in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. He worked there until he was twenty-one years old. At that time he returned to New Haven to join his fathers business, making farm tools. For five years he worked for his father, building up the family business. On August 24, 1824, while he was still working for his father he married Clarissa Beecher who also lived in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1826 Charles Goodyear decided to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. There he opened a hardware store where he interchange the products that his father m ade. Four years after opening this store both Amasa and Charles Goodyear were bankrupt because they would extend credit to customers and the customers would never pay back the money that they owed. Charless health started to decline and both father and son owed tens of thousands of dollars. For the next thirty years Charles Goodyear was thrown in prison over ten times because he didnt pay his debts. In 1834 when he was in New York, on a business trip, the Roxbury India Rubber Company caught his eye. ...

Support individuals during the last days of life Essay

The psychological aspects argon different for each mortal it depends how they act to the thought of a person dying, nearly mint may detect that its their own fault or that they feature done something wrong taking the blame for it or someone may feel as if their being ineffectual and feel like theres things that can be done to help unless in actual fact there isnt. In the persons last days if known otherwises may like to spend a deal bulge of quantify with the person entirely others may not loss to see them like that and merely motivation to nourish the better memories as people cant handle seeing the person looking re all in all(prenominal)y frail as this cannot be very nice, but it all depends on how each person can handle the situation and it is also hard as you dont know whether to expect the worst each time you go into their room as they could have passed away. It can cause a lot of stress within the home setting and people will be very sad but we have to do our outflank to try and fall out them as happy and as calm as they can be.Common signs of approaching d cancel outh, you can never know when someone is going to die but there is unendingly a sign such as they May- Lose their appetite the person may begin to resist or refuse to eat meals or all drink fluids. Become very fatigue or sleepy- The person may begin to sleep the majority of the day and night as metabolism slows and the decline in food and water contribute to dehydration. Physical weakness- As the person is declining food and sleeping a lot they will find that they have no energy. Confusion or disorientation- Organs begin to fail including the brain they may start to forget where they argon or what they are doing. transmute in breathing- Breath intakes and exhales can become very irregular. Social withdrawal- As the body starts to shut down they may gradually lose interest in being around those that are close to them. S hygienicing in feet and ankles-Coolness in tips o f fingers and toes.Good end of life cathexis helps patients with life-limiting conditions to live as well as possible until they die, and to die with dignity. End of life care encompasses palliative care, which focuses on managing pain and other distressing symptoms, providing psychological, social and spiritual support to the patients, and musical accompaniment those that are close to the patient. All patients should be treated with dignity and respect throughout the course of their care. Patients who are dying must receive the same specimen of care asall other patients. Their privacy, dignity and wishes must be respected at all times, by listening and achieving their wishes can direct them feel more relaxed and less distressed. Making authentic your patient has good pain relief, making sure enough they are always comfortable, having other people around them to living them occupied or even little things like listening to the radio or watching television if they enjoy doing t his. Making sure your patient has everything and everyone they occupy around them, some people may not want to be like this some people may want to go alone and this ask to be respected even if their family members or loved ones want to be with them you have to respect the fact they want to be alone as colossal as they are comfortable.There are rules governing when life-prolonging treatment can be withheld or withdrawn when the patients consent is not purchasable, the relatives and friends of the person receiving the treatment and the healthcare professionals in charge of the persons care, should adjudicate whether treatment should be continued or not. They should consider whether the treatment is in the best interests of the client in terms of quality of life and how long they will live and if the treatment is helping to improve their condition. If the patient still has the capacity to decide whether or not they want to carry on or stop with the treatment it is their own choic e as they still have the capacity to their rights. too it inquires to be remembered that the client should always be center of the care. Some of the signs that death has occurred are they-Have stopped breathingNo heartbeat hurt of bowel and bladder controlNo responseEyelids passably openEyes fixed on a certain spotMouth slightly openThe body coolsWhen a client does become to near the end of life or even ill from the start you have to work with other professionals at first you may start with the GP to diagnose the patient and they would then refer them to the hospital if required if not they would give you prescriptions for the right medicationto treat them. You would also work with district nurses if required if a client had a bed sore. You would work with the pharmacy to make sure you receive all the medication and on time and to order when needed. A patient should be monitored regularly everything that the patient does should be recorded and documented payly making sure they are legible, accurate, relevant and clear. Things that may get monitored- Food intake chartsFluid intake ChartsContinence checksPositioning ChartChecking TemperatureBody maps to mark if they have any bed soresIf they were in pain or how much pain.Some people may not be able to tell you how much or if they are in pain so in some care homes they use pain rating scales, Faces tool, Disability distress assessment tool (DisDat), Body charts/ Maps or its even suggested if the patient is able to keep a pain diary. Everyone approaching the end of life should have their needs assessed and their wishes and any preferences discussed, any actions reflecting their choices they make well-nigh the care they would like to receive should all be recorded in their own personal care plan especially as some people in advance want to refuse treatment, the care plan should be regularly reviewed. Once a client enters into the dying phase the care providers need to adapt their care and support according to the care plan, also the client may have a preferred place of death which they had discussed in their care plan this should be reviewed to make sure the care providers are aware.Advanced care planning should be completed as it gives people the opportunity to make their wishes and preferences known should they deteriorate and lose the mental capacity to make informed choices. When a clients needs change we make sure all lag and any other professionals are aware and know fully of all the changes and any requirements or adjustments that need to be made such as ways of operative, making sure all changes are documented in their personal care plan, in ply communication books, also making sure that all risk assessments are updated, reviewed and changed as needed. Making sure the client has everything that they need to meet their needs to the changes. This also helps everyone tofollow the same way of working to support the client when any changes do happen.Some family members/carers may wish to assist with the personal care in acknowledgement of individual wishes, religious or cultural requirements. If it is down to the staff to carry out this task then the Staff should be Prepared before they do this as there are changes to the body after death and they should also be aware of manual intervention and infection control issues. Some people may not want their family or staff to do so, once the patient has died you should refer to their plan of care to see and follow their wishes if any after death.In private breast feeding homes the personal care after death is the responsibility of a registered nurse, although this and the packing of the property may be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant. The registered nurse is obligated for correctly identifying the deceased person and communicating accurately with the mortuary or funeral director (in line with local policy). In care homes without a registered nurse, the home motorcoach is responsible for ensuring that professional carers are trained appropriately and to ensure that they are competent in their role. The death should be documented straight away the time the date and the people that are present, this also has to be reported to the care quality commission within 24 hours.After the persons death the Last offices should be carried out or some people may call it Personal care after death, two members of staff should carry out last offices but this can only be done once the death has been officially confirmed. The staff should wear all protective equipment such as gloves and apron when carrying out last offices.There is a a list of national guidelines, policies and legislations that are required after a death they are Health and Safety at work act 1974Control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 (COSHH) Code of ConductHealth and social care act 2008It is always important that the care plan is referred to before after death as the client may have left their wishes and prefe rence that they would like to be carried out and these should always be followed, as the client may have requested that they would not like any family to carry out last offices as this can be distressing for them, they may have requested that their belongings should be given to a charity or some kept with them and many more examples but the point is that their wishes should always be respected and followed.All staff knows and are fully aware that when a client has passed that all procedures in place must be followed when handling the decease and moving their belongings, gloves and aprons must be worn, all of their personal belongings such as bedding, bed cloths and clothing should be disposed of in the correct way.Everyone is different to how they react to somebody passing, there are different types of ways such as-Emotional- Sadness, anger, blame, depression and loneliness. Physical- Weakness in muscles, hollowness in stomach, tightness in throat and shortness of breath. Cognitive- A person may experience mental difficulties, such as poor concentration, forgetfulness and day dreaming. Behavioural- Some people may react by crying, loss of interest and withdrawal. Spiritual- They may start to question their spiritual beliefs but others may find solace.When telling family or friends that their loved one has passed you have to be prepared for different types of reactions as above, people should always be allowed to spend time by the deceased and their privacy should always be respected. whirl a cup of tea and going into a quiet space where they will not be disturbed so that they can talk well-nigh(predicate) what happens next, sometimes people may find it hard to absorb any information so the care staff should write up a impartial and clear guide for them. When talking or telling close family or friends you should always use good listening skills show empathy, always make yourself available and give people time to expressthemselves and talk, offer any help to register death or organise a funeral or even just offer any advice.In a care setting the rest of the house should be told what has happened and this should not be hidden from them as they all have the right to know, they should all be told in a tactful and sensitive way. Offer support and let them know that staff will always be available if they feel they need to talk. Family or People in a care setting all have the right to be told and known about bereavement support services that are available to them. When a person dies majority or all staff care workers often experience grief, staff can attend the funeral or pay their respects in some way, by attending the funeral this will allow people to express grief and maybe bring closure. People may actively grieve by crying and it is acceptable to cry and let others know that the person will be missed, some people may be tearful or stressed then they should take time out in a quiet area. Talk to others as they might be feeling the same w ay as you.There is also carers support groups that are available that help yourself or staff members to deal with bereavement. You can talk to family or friends, employer, bereavement charities or if this doesnt help you can get specialist support from your GP.

Catholic Schools Week

This twelvemonths national theme for Catholic Schools Week is Catholic Schools A+ for America. The five years I pay back been at St. Dominics, I have experienced that it is very different then a public school and is much better. At St. Dominics, we go to church all Friday. During Church on Fridays, the Mass is run by the school so each class take turns serving and reading and being the gift be bers. We besides have a Christmas play which is run by the 8th grade both year.On top of that we have a great religion class every day except on Fridays and our priest will sometimes come over to school and read us a bible verse line or two. To me, St. Dominics makes me feel like I am in a safe environment, to me its like a family. Here at St. Dominics our teachers do whatever they arse to make us an A+ student. They c be about are grades so we can have higher expectations and so we can live a better Christian life. So we do a lot of projects and activity to help us understand are work b etter.Here at St. Dominics we have one of every grade since it is a smaller school and we have smaller class sizes. So the friends you meet in pre-school are the friends you are going to graduate with and possible more. One of the projects we started a few years ago at St. Dominic School is recycle. The whole school gets involved. Each year we all have a competition to see which class collects the most recycling and whoever wins gets a reward. Recycling is something good for are county as well as our country. Also at St.Dominics, the 6th 8th grade have to do service hours for a religion grade. I think this has a great clash on our country as a whole because we are making it possible to live in a safer environment by doing the smallest things like recycling and giving up are time for others in need. We also help out a round school like we rack the leaves in the overtake and help put out salt in the winter. We also work with the younger students helping them learn how to tie their shoes or sitting with them at church to teach them how to behave during Mass.Something else that we do as 8th graders at St. Dominic school is we teach the 5th grade how to serve during church. Since the 8th graders are the oldest students, we are asked to help out a lot. Whenever someone needs something we are always there to help them. So we have to take the biggest role in hint our school to a better community. Once you leave St. Dominic you are on your own and hopefully you always leave a Christian life. St. Dominic has made me consume that I can do whatever I want to as long as I put my mind to it.

Dukwane’s deliverance Essay

Being different is non al courses bad. It can as well mean to be capable of doing someaffair others wouldnt have fall aparte, to have a dream of becoming something that extends beyond your tender environment. But it can be a complicated street to achieving this dream and you can meet different obstacles that need to be overcome. Sometimes deliverance is the answer. This is the situation stand fored in the short story Dukwanes deliverance, write by Neil Ramsorrum, where the boy, Dukwane, looses the ability to walk while having a plan on attending Cambridge University. He has to deal with the concomitant that he is a black teenage, who lives in a society where most people are white and despite that he is a cripple as well. The briny theme is reflected in this encounter with difficulties, and attests never to give up on your dreams.The protagonist Dukwane is a black teenager, who lives with his father and mother in Camden. His family are not in particular squiffy, which is in dicated by the fact that he works six shifts a week in a non-fancy fast-food restaurant. Another indication of this is the fathers choice of occupation, As he looked at his father sat there, his bottom shirt button open and exposing his belly overhanging his trousers, he felt a sense of sadness, but also a termination to be more than. Dukwane wants to be more than his father, who is overweight and sits in front of the television all day. This ambition is a characteristic thing about him.Dukwane is not like other people in his social environment. He is an intelligent teenager, who is going to attend Cambridge University, which you can argue is an uncommon decision among his friends and family. Dukwanes friend, Jermaine, questions Dukwanes decision. Well, they are all loaded, and white, I heard you get the cane from your teachers if you dont do your work. And the older guys are gay and make the younger ones do weird shit. He presents some negative prejudices about the university. He doesnt think it is a place for him and wonders why he wants to attend. However Dukwane is determine to attend Cambridge University and later on becoming a politician just like Barak Obama, his big idol. Dukwane is furthermore a very courageous teenager who wants to do the right thing.Dukwane gets up first, his hand raised to try and calm the gang of four, instinctively he places his body between the kid and his pursers. He chooses to protect the youngster from getting caught andends up being stabbed himself. You always do the right thing, is what Jermaine said afterwards and even after the suggestion of revenge Dukwane does the right thing and refuses. But despite being different he is as well a part of the social environment. Melones hugos Nice, said Dukwane in what he imagined was a Spanish accent. Thats all you think about. His use of colloquial language indicates that he can act as the others when the situation comes.The story is told with a third soulfulness narrator, who h as a limited omniscient point of view. This means that the reader sees the events and other characters from Dukwanes point of view. This way of telling a story involves the reader more than an all knowing third person narrator by giving the narrator an identity and makes it more interesting for the reader because everything becomes possible when the narrator isnt all knowing. You can other than that say that the reader is involved due the knowledge of Dukwanes thoughts and feelings. He hears the sound after he feels it. to the highest degree like the release of air, his body no longer in his control, falling to the pavement again.He feels the blood but cannot lift his head to see it. alone he can see is the blur of neon fading. The narrator has a limited point of view, and therefore the reader has a limited insight, which creates glitz and therefore becomes interesting. Another thing that creates this intensity is the change in tense. The scene where the quotation is chosen from is in the present tense, whereas the rest of the story is in the present tense. The authors choice of using this tense combined with short sentences separated by commas and mimicking sudden motion creates a vivid place setting, where the reader is involved. This leads to the setting of the short story.Dukwane lives as said in a less wealthy environment just outside London and there are different indications that tell about this environment. The social setting is mostly conveyed through the use of social- and class markers and the colloquial language, which Dukwane and his friends use. First of all there is the non-fancy restaurant, where the customers arent taken that serious. Pretty much. and when Im thinking about ass. You should try it. 2.99, boss, here Jermaine is addressing Dukwane, but in the lastsentence he addresses a costumer. Usually the focusing is at the costumer when you are at work in order to show your manners. His action and language indicates that they are a part of the lower social class, where manners arent very important. Another class marker is the infirmary Dukwane is in.Dukwane turned on the TV console above his bed. 3.50 per day to watch the BBC You dont usually pay money for watching TV at a hospital, and it is totally absurd in comparison to the Danish hospitals, so the hospital isnt fancy. Furthermore you can say that the environment is multicultural. You know the Bengalis my cousin Frank hangs out with? The fact that the protagonist himself is black, and that there are people from Bangladesh indicates that the range is multicultural. An interesting thing about the setting is that it also reflects Dukwanes mood and the atmosphere.As he stepped out onto Yorks Way, the sun was setting over Kings Cross in the distance, a crimson spun sugar sky broken by a dozen cranes all busy building his city. He is happy that he got into Cambridge and the beauteous sunset and candyfloss sky create an atmosphere and reflect his mood. Moreover the re is a contrast between he metallic machines and the fluffy candyfloss sky, which distinguish between the magical unrealistic sky and the rough capability and power of the cranes. The setting shows the distinction between what Dukwane already has and what he searches for, from the less wealthy environment to the large city of London.The theme of the short story is that you shouldnt give up your dream despite the obstacles that can occur on your way to achieving it. You are going to do what you always wanted to do. Do you hear, By your wits and sheer persistence. This is what makes us rise above other men, it is how we incline adversity how we challenge those who hold us back, how we make real our dream. This is what the imaginary Barack Obama said to Dukwane, when he was given morphine to ease his pain. This quotation reflects the main theme of the story with precision.The short story Dukwanes deliverance is about a bright black teenage boy, who is admitted to Cambridge University but unfortunately becomes paralyzed in his legs. He wants to be more than his father he wants to break the social heritage in a multicultural area where people arent particularlywealthy, which is reflected in the social setting and the colloquial language. The setting shows as well this distinction between the two environments and what Dukwane has and wants to achieve. Nothing will stop him from achieving his dream incomplete as a poor black man nor a cripple.

Psychoanalysis of Mary Karr’s Mother in The Lair’s Club Essay

bloody shame Karr growing up in 1961, Leechfield, Texas, as done for(p) through a lot of hardships, she describes those of her childhood in her memoirs of The Lairs Club. bloody shame only learns of why her arrive, Charlie Marie Karr, has become wavering and potentially hazardous to Mary and nine year old sister, Lecia, towards the end of the novel. All at once Mary talks to her mother, where she revels unknown parts of her past. The story Marys mother shares with Mary about trying to recover her children shows how she slowly lost her mind and how her past has affected her relationships with her children.Because she was so preoccupied with trying to regain her first two children, Tex and Belinda, and cannot succeed in doing so Marys mother comes to realize that this issue has been eating away at her and has driven her to insanity. Mary Karrs mother in The Lairs Club is shown to be highly unstable figure in Marys life. Mary discovers as an adult that in her parents attic a box of ol d wedding rings and pictures of unfamiliar children. Once before she had seen these pictures from her grandmother who had said to her that they were her mothers Other children.When Mary shows her mother what she has found, her mother tries to interpolate the subject completely. Mary brings it up again and her mother decides to finally talk about it with her for the first time. Her mother told her that when she was really young, she got married and had two children. Her husbands mother did not uniform Charlie one day while Charlie was at work her mother-in-law came picked up the children and everything in their apartment. When Charlie came home she was devastated, she went to her parents to ask for help in finding her family.Charlie finds her children after months of searching for them. Charlie went to the house to find her husband and children with a new mother. She tries to take her children back, and realizes that maybe her children would be better off there, for the time being, Charlie says she tries to do the right thing. Where Mary Karr in The Lairs Club says, Then Mother did what seemed at the time the pay Thing, though had she Thought, she may have Thought Twice about how Right the Right Thing would wind up being, for surely it drove her mad (317).Charlie drives herself to depression, alcoholism, addictions, and level off infanticide over this. Trying to rethink the same moment over, playing what she might have been able to do differently ultimately drives her mad. Charlie decides at that moment that the vanquish thing for her to do to establish her children back is to get remarried. If she finds someone else to share her life with, they would surely help to get her children back. Charlie gets married to man after man, just mevery do not want to help her.Finally Charlie marries Peter Karr, who wants to help get Charlies children back. But by this time the children are some grown up and do not want to come move with their mother. Charlie is again distraught with her life and the circumstances that surround her. Charlie revels to Mary that it is only and so when her children say they do not want to come back with her, that Then it was like a big black hole just swallowing me up. Or like the hole inside me, and had been swallowing me up all those years with out my even noticing.I just collapsed into it (Karr 318). It is right then when Charlie just snaps into her life long manage with depression. Peter wants to help his wife as much as he can, he suggest that they should try to have more children. His hopes that if Charlie has more children she will get over the lost of the others. However, after having her two new children, Lecia and Mary, her depression becomes worse and she starts having infanticide. Mary brings up that one incident with her mother, And the night shed stood in our chamber door with a knife?Shed drunk herself to the bottom of that despair. All the times Id wasted, marrying fellows. And still I lost those kids. And you and Lecia couldnt change that. And Id wound up just as miserable as I started at fifteen. Killing us had come to seem merciful. In fact, shed hallucinated wed been stabbed to death. I saw blood all over you and everything else. Splashed across the walls (Karr 318). Charlie was experiencing infanticide, she wanted to kill Mary and Lecia to put them out of any suffering that they might experience.In a hypertext version of Velma Dobson and Bruce D. Sales The Science of Infanticide and Mental Illness they write that, Over half, fifty six percent, of the filicides were sort out as altruistic killings, in which the mother killed the child to relieve the childs real or potential suffering for example, from an incurable disease or from the suffering the child would potentially experience following the mothers suicide.In another twenty four percent of filicide cases, the mother was acutely psycho at the time of the murder, as indicated by hallucinations. Where Charlie want ed to protect her children and by being so disturbed by the lost of her previous two she picture Mary and Lecia dead so they would not have to endure anguish any more.

Kalma Chowk Underpass

Punjab foreman Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif inaugurated the largest Kalma Chowk underpass of the history of the country. Addressing the ceremony held on the occasion, the Chief Minister verbalise that completion of the largest underpass in a record period of 82 days is a great achievement which was possible due to the collective efforts of the spotless team working on the project. He congratulated the concerned departments, members assembly, contractors and labourers who worked on the project. The Chief Minister said that the underpass consisting of seven lanes has been completed at a salute of Rs. billion in a record period of 82 days. He gave away cheque for Rs. 25 lakh to the labourers who worked on the project. Shahbaz Sharif said that transparency, quality and prompt completion of development projects, is the hallmark of Punjab government. He said that modern infrastructure is essential for rapid development. The Chief Minister said that Punjab government has spent mil lions of rupees on the improvement of infrastructure throughout the province and a network of roads, bridges and underpasses has been laid due to which economic and trade activities have increased in the province. managing director General LDA while giving briefing about the Kalma Chowk underpass, informed that this project has been completed by working round the clock and one lakh cardinal thousand vehicles will pass through this underpass daily. Later, the Chief Minister inaugurated underpass and passed through it. Earlier, the Chief Minister inaugurated the Peco Road Ramp constructed alongside Lahore pair by unveiling plaque and offered Dua. Members Assembly Naseer Bhutta, Ramzan Siddique Bhatti, DG LDA, DCO Lahore, officials of NLC and a large number of people were present on the occasion.Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that eagerness has been provided to the residents of Kot Lakhpat and other adjoining localities due to construction of ramp. Dost Muhammad Khosa calls on Shahbaz Sharif, expresses his complete confidence in party leaders Former Chief Minister Punjab, Dost Muhammad Khosa called on Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif at Raiwind today. Senior Advisor Senator Sirdar Zulfiqar Ali Khan Khosa and Member Provincial Assembly Sirdar Hassamuddin Khosa were also present on the occasion.Dost Muhammad Khosa while expressing his complete confidence in the leadership of President PML-N Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Chief Minister Punjab Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, reiterated that he will continue to work as a party worker and make efforts for further strengthening the party in the area. Talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif said that workers are precious asset of the party and they are like children in the eyes of party heads.

Organizational structure as a determinant of performance: Evidence from mutual funds Essay

ManagementIntroduction Management is an important aspect of any government activity. For an organization to be successful, it is important that there should solid commission carried out by managers. All companies that ar successful have often correspondd that they have a sound and strong management system as s intumesce up as capable managers that locoweed help in achieving the objectives of companies.Task 1 A manager can be described as an individual that has been displace in a position of confidence to oversee the operations of an organization. Management is the art of overseeing the operations of an organization by ensuring that every(prenominal) operations are in line with the objectives of the gild (Csaszar, 2012). An organization is any entity that is focused in achieving a collective objective. Managers as mentioned are persons in positions of authority inwardly an organization that are tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the operations of a particular orga nization. Managers are the decision keeprs within an organization and every decision that they make is often implemented with an aim of clashing the objectives of the organization(Aquinas, 2010). The success of any organization greatly depends on the managers as they are the decisions makers that influence success. For example, when there are operational changes to be make such as the rate of production within an organization, a manager is deeply involved in providing the much needed guidance as nearly as qualification the final decision on what steps to undertake (Aghina, Smet,& Heywood, 2014). With the approval of the manager, the rate of production can be increased which can then help the connection to attain more revenue. Furthermore, managers are important within organizations since they perform the function of supplying. It is the duty of the manager to plan how operations will be carried out and how for each one project within the organization will be undertaken. For e xample, if an organization has an objective of improving on its sales, the manager will be involved in the planning process by deciding the necessary steps that need to be taken for the project to be accomplished(Aquinas, 2010). Furthermore, it is important to note that managers are important in that they play the role of organizing. This involves formation of teams as soundly as providing the appropriate resources that can be used in completing tasks(Janiijevi, 2013). Organizing also involves giving authority as well as assigning the staffs in the social club respective duties. Managers are also important within organizations because they provide the staffing and make decisions on gay resources. After assessing the needs that certain operations within an organization require, a manager will take the responsibility of sourcing for the right employees, recruiting as well as ensuring that they are capable of handling the duties(Aghina, Smet, & Heywood, 2014). The human resource man ager is often the person in charge of staffing and ensures that there are enough staffs that can hunt out the operations for the success of an organization. Apart from the above important roles of a manager, they are also important because they provide leadership. The success of an organization will greatly depend on the type of leadership that is offered within the company(Koontz, &Weihrich, 2007). Managers often motivate, guide, communicate as well as encourage the employees under their leadership to perform well within the company. The managers also are important towards the success of an organization since they help employees in solving problems that they may face in the course of carrying out their duties. Therefore, by means of the leadership qualities, managers are able to help a company or business become successful. Finally, managers are importance within an organization since they provide manage within an organization(Janiijevi, 2013). It is important that there must be frequent and continuous checks to ensure that operations of an organization are in line for the success of the company. Therefore, to ensure that all things run as required and that there are no loopholes in the operations of an organization, a manager must be available.Task 2 Organizational building refers to the arrangement in a hierarchical order which depicts the lines of authority as they are supposed to be within an organization. Furthermore, organizational body structure depicts the channels of communication, duties as well as the rights as they should flow within the organization from the top ranking officers to the lower or junior employees. Organizational structure is of great importance because it helps in outlining how an organization operates in terms of roles, responsibilities as well as the powers and how they are assigned to each person in the company (Koontz, &Weihrich, 2007). It helps in ensuring that there is proper coordination of operations within an organizat ion and proper control is maintained to avoid conflicts. Furthermore, it is also to be noted that organizational structures within organizations are important in identifying how information flows within the organization.PRESIDENT/CEOFigure 1 Organizational chartVP-PRODUCTIONVP-MARJKETINGVP-SALESMANAGER1MANAGER1MANAGER1MANAGER2MANAGER2MANAGER2 The diametric trains of management, that is the top level, shopping center level, as well as the bottom level management often work closely with each other to ensure that the primary objectives of an organization are displace both in the short run and in the long run. It is important to observe that the organizational structure of any given company will in the first place depend on the objectives of the organization as well as its strategies (Krot, &Lewicka, 2012). When an organization has a centralized structure, it means that the overall decision making within the organization is make at the top level management of the company. Furthermo re, under a centralized structure, the top management has great and tight control over all the di surveys as well as the departments within the organization and often those departments have contrary levels of independence. An organizational structure is important in that it helps to outline what steps different stakeholders need to take when dealing with the organization. Furthermore, it is to be noted that organizational structure helps in maintaining obligation(Aquinas, 2010). Through an organizational structure, one is able to know who is supposed to be held responsible in case certain things happen in the company. Every person has their roles outlined in the structure hence high level of accountability is maintained. It is also important in the success of an organization because it helps in the maximization of resources (Rolnek, Vrchota, Kubecov, &varov, 2014). The organizational structure is important because the resources can be allocated properly by hobby the right channel of communication as outlined by the structure. In an organizational structure, the different levels of management are involved in making different types of decisions for the benefit of the organization (Chisa, 2014). It is to be noted that the strategic decisions which are often long term decisions of an organization are made by the top level management. These are decisions which shape as well as direct the operations of an organization as a whole and therefore the senior managers are the ones that make such decisions. The top level management often make their decisions which affect the stakeholders of the organization such as the shareholders as well as the internal stakeholders. The wallop of the strategic decisions can be said to be greater than the impact of the operational decisions since the strategic decisions influence the tactical and the operational decisions to be made by other managers. On the other hand, the tactical decisions within an organization are often made by the middle level management. These are decisions which are made and help in the implementation of the strategies of an organization(Aquinas, 2010). The middle level management work closely with the top level management so that the strategies formulated and the tactical decisions made by the middle level management can result in to positive results. The tactical decisions will often rely on market query and data to ensure that the implementation of the strategies provide positive results in the long run. Finally, the operational decisions within an organization are often made by the middle or the junior management in an organization (Takahara, &Mesarovic, 2003). These decisions often involve the daily routine activities that are performed within the organization. For example the decision to change fracture for employees from time to time is an operational decision made by a junior manager.Task 3 Unilever Plcis one of the multinational corporations that deal in consumer products as well as services across the globe. The vision and mission of Unilever Plc is helping people to look good, feel good and get more out of life. The vision and mission of the company is to provide customer with consumer products that are of high quality and affordable (own website). The corporate strategy which Unilever has continued to use is that of providing products that meet the expectations of the consumers as well as ensuring that the prices are affordable hence attractive to customers. Packaging and branding is another corporate strategy the company has been using, ensuring that all its products are packaged in a unique way(own website). SWOT analysis refers to the analysis conducted on a company to check on its strengths, weaknesses, the various opportunities it has as well as the menaces that it faces in the course of carrying out its operations (Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). This analysis helps in determining whether a company is in a better position as compared to its com petitors and can help in making important decisions. It helps in identifying opportunities which a company can take on as well as the weaknesses which a company can build on to improve its feat. Unilever makes use of the SWOT analysis to help make major business decisions such as the pricing of its products as well as packaging and how to handle competition(Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). Under SWOT analysis, the strengths of the company include innovation and new products launching, a strong portfolio for its brands as well as it has made strategic acquisitions. The weakness of the company is recalling of its products which affects its revenue. The opportunities include growing new markets such as home and personal care(Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). However, it is faced with the threat of counterfeit products in the market. Organizational culture is also important in instruction execution of a company. In the case of Unilever, the company can improve its performance if its change s its culture of having a wide range of products under one brand (Unilever SWOT Analysis, 2012). The company needs to rebrand and have different portfolios for its products categorized for each consumer group.ReferencesAghina, W., De Smet, A., & Heywood, S. (2014).The early(prenominal) and future of global organizations. Mckinsey Quarterly, (3), 97-106.Aquinas, P. G. (2010).Organization structure and design Applications and challenges. New Delhi Excel Books.Chisa, E. (2014). Evolution of the Product Manager.Communications Of The ACM, 57(11), 48-52. inside10.1145/2669480Csaszar, F. A. (2012). Organizational structure as a determinant of performance Evidence from mutual funds. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 611-632. doi10.1002/smj.1969Janiijevi, N. (2013). THE MUTUAL IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND STRUCTURE.EkonomskiAnali / Economic Annals, 58(198), 35-60. doi10.2298/EKA1398035JKoontz, H., &Weihrich, H. (2007).Essentials of management An international perspective. New Del hi Tata McGraw-Hill.Krot, K., &Lewicka, D. (2012).THE greatness OF TRUST IN MANAGER-EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIPS.International Journal Of Electronic Business Management, 10(3), 224-233.Rolnek, L., Vrchota, J., Kubecov, J., &varov, M. (2014).THE LEVEL OF PROCESS MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES APPLICATION IN SMEs IN THE SELECTED REGION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC.Serbian Journal Of Management, 9(2), 203-217. doi10.5937/sjm9-6376Takahara, Y., &Mesarovic, M. (2003).Organization structure Cybernetic systems foundation. London Kluwer Academic/Plenum.Unilever SWOT Analysis. (2012). Unilever SWOT Analysis, 1-10.Source document

Motivation to Help Essay

This paper discusses the social psychological perspective on helping. It tackles the factors that lead pile to help other people and the theoretical basis on such actions. It besides includes a reflection on the altruistic property in helping. Motivation to Help The murder of throne Genovese in 1964 as one of the most disturbing cases where almost 40 people were witnesses but none of them called the police in term to deport her. This baffled social psychologists as to how this was possible. The result of their investigation was the formation of the concept of the Genovese Syndrome.This condition is theorized to exist on certain hand brake situations where people flirt a diffusion of responsibility. This was because of the notion that at that place will be someone who will carry out the responsibility (Alex, 2008). On a personal account, an exemplification of this behavior was observed in the sidewalk near a well-known shopping center. A lady, approximately aged 50 years was walking on the nearly crowded pavement when two men riding a motorcycle snatched her bag. It was not easily taken from her since she tried to defend herself and her belongings.The struggle do the two men shoot the lady until she was down on the sidewalk. The initial reaction of the people on that point was to run away from the scene. When the two men cursorily left, the people slowly went towards the lady. Nobody helped until the lady nameed in pain. There atomic number 18 a number of factors that have resulted to the lack of responsiveness of the people on the victim. i of which is the bystander effect. Since there be more people in the area, the responsibility of helping the victim is divided among them.Each of these people had two choices of whether they should act or grip for someone to do it. Thus, the more people there are in the area means that people feel less obligated (The Bystander Effect, n. d. ). Also, the scream of the lady may have somehow alarmed the people ar ound her, which may have motivated the some people to finally help her. Basically, there are five steps to helping or prosocial behavior. First of all, in order to help, there must be a realization that something is happening. It must also be interpreted as an emergency.The person who is to help must also feel the responsibility towards the situation. He must also know how he is overtaking to help. Finally, the costs of helping are also assessed (Stocker, n. d. ). In this particular scenario, the five steps were evident. Although the initial reaction was to run because of the gun shot, people did realize that it was an emergency situation. However, because there were a lot of people, they did not have much responsibility for the situation because of the assumption that someone will act.When the lady screamed and the two men left, it was the time when someone helped, knowing that the costs are already low and it was no longer dangerous. There are many theories which explain why peop le are motivated to help. However, the most widely accepted theory on the subject is the theory of Victor Vroom, known as the expectancy theory. This simply states that people are motivated to help because they are expecting something in return such as a reward, or a good performance appraisal (Shah, n. d. ). Based on this theory, the act of helping may not be truly altruistic because of the tendency to expect for something in return.If the one helping does not want anything as a reward, it may be because of other outside factors such as his social image, religion, or the dictate of the society. Nevertheless, additional helped could have been offered in the situation, knowing the there were a lot of people in the situation. If all of them felt responsible for the incident, it is most likely that the crime would have been prevented. References Alex. (2008, February 13). The Genovese Syndrome When Nobody Helps. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from Neatorama http//www. neatorama. com/2008/02/ 13/the-genovese-syndrome-when-nobody-helps/Shah, K. , & Shah, P. (n. d. ). Theories of Motivation. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from Laynetworks http//www. laynetworks. com/Theories-of-Motivation. hypertext mark-up language Stocker, S. (n. d. ). Social Psychology. Retrieved July 14, 2010, from http//webcache. googleusercontent. com/search? q=cacheP4aNe4_DzhsJwww. spsp. org/student/intro/ppt/myers15. ppt+five+steps+to+prosocial+behavior&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph The Bystander Effect. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 14, 2010, from changing Minds http//changingminds. org/explanations/theories/bystander_effect. htm

Wendigo: Cannibalism in Native American Folklore

Wendigo anthropophagiteism in inborn American Folklore Connor Downie EN156-01 Mythology Professor Quinn 30March13 Lurking in the deep woods of the Northern United St haves and S issuehern Canada lies a dismal and fearsome aborigine American monster, the Wendigo. The Wendigo is by far maven of the virtually mysterious and feared monsters in non whole in the Algonquian folklore which it is attributed to, but also early(a) indigenous populations all over the world.Although this savage goes by many names in the Native American Tribes, including Wechuge (Athapaskan Beaver), Windigo (Algonkian), Witiko (Sekani), Wittikow (Cree), Wintuc (Lenape), Wintiko (Objibwa), and others, it is represented in the folklore of many cultures. For the pursuit of simplicity, the term Wendigo (Woodland Cree) will be used throughout this paper. Native Americans lived in harmony with the land round them, and their legends and stories showed the necessity to preserve that harmony, and the consequenc es of failing to do much(prenominal).The story and idea behind the Wendigo is no exception to this world an unnatural and dysfunctional part of life. This paper will observe and analyze the role of the Wendigo in Native American legend as well as the effect that it had on, non plainly if the Natives Americans, but those who came into see and studied the tribes. The Wendigo According to legend, a Wendigo is neither a man nor non- graciouse, but rather something in betwixt.A in spacious transformed Wendigo is most often set forth as a giant cr take inure standing between eight and thirty feet tall, ingesting incredible strength and speed, crowing claws and a body that looks like a piece body with ash-toned skin. However, in any stage of transformation, it is most easily identified by its ravenous and continuous hurt for human skeletal frame (Atwood 84). A Wendigos hunger is believed to be so insatiable that one of stolon things it consumes is its own lips (Carlson 3 59). For Native Americans, encountering a Wendigo, whether by accident or on purpose, could e the last fall away you ever make. You can non outrun or outwit a Wendigo and according to most stories, you are unable(p) to trounce or plead with the creature due to the f set it has lost the capacity for human speech aft(prenominal) a long period of isolation (Atwood 84). However, that does non mean they are intelligent. The amount of time they cause spent alone in forced isolation has made them the perfect goer. They do not imitate their victims with inchoate frenzy but rather use superior cunning and an advanced knowledge of their games impulses and weaknesses.They hunt citizenry with the cultural strategy and intelligence that people use to hunt animals (Ridington 110). Their hunting s carry offs are only amplified by their extreme elusiveness and ability to outlast in the harshest of climates. They are the epitome of everything to be afraid of in the woods. The original We ndigos can be found in the Pawnee creation myth, as the creatures that came sooner the Pawnee and were destroyed by the Creator Tirdwa. The men of the present era were not the original inhabitants of the earth.They were preceded by another race people of great size and strength. These were so swift of foot, and so powerful, that they could easily run down and kill the overawe The race of giants had no respect for the Ruler. On the contrary, they derided and insulted him in every way practicable. When the sun rose, or when it thundered and rained, they would keep back him. They had great confidence in their own powers, and believed that they were able to cope with the Creator. As they increased in poem they grew more than defiant, and at length became so bad that Tirdwa determined to destroy them.This he attempted to do at first by shooting the lightning at them but the bolts glanced aside from their bodies without injuring them. When he found that they could not be killed by that means, he sent a great rain, which destroyed them by drowning (Grinnell 122). According to legend, a few of these giants managed to escape the flood and the Wendigos managed to survive. As the Creator made the new species of man, the original Pawnee, these giants shrunk back into the wilderness, rising only occasionally to feed on the unsuspecting human.There are two phases of Wendigos, Non-Human and Human. The first human Wendigo is sometimes said to adjudge been a man who, driven mad by hunger and snow blindness, mistook his family for a group of beavers, killed and ate them (Smith 68). Human Wendigos do not al slipway take on the traditional described appearance unless they are exposed to the severe isolation required to drive the person mad. Most human Wendigos mostly retain their human features, and instead only experience the desire for loneliness and a impulse for human flesh.Also common to stories, both in legend and those recorded by persons studying native tribes, was the depression that a person transforming into a Wendigo had lost permanent control over their own actions and that the only possible solution is death (Ridington 108). Many people, fearing that they would bring harm to their family, begged for death rather than face a full transformation. Human Wendigos, although powerful, can be killed by dis subdivisionment and the burning the remains to prevent the evil living from ever returning to the earth (Atwood 85).In the majority of stories that result in the death of a Wendigo, that Wendigo was at one time a human. Other traditional cures involved the consumption of copious amounts of hot grease from sources such as bear fat, melted deer tallow, and sturgeon oil (Atwood 85). Non-Human Wendigos are seen as the original Wendigos that were around before the first humans. These creatures are considered to be some(prenominal) more powerful than their human counterparts, and were able to inhabit and labialise the dreams of their vict ims. These creatures rarely appear in legends, but rather are blamed for the actions of a pay offed person.Killing a non-human Wendigo was not easy and stories celebrated the bravery of those who acted as bait in Wendigo traps. Algonquians often had great battles and had to absorb the help of shamans (Podruchny 690). It is important to note that non-human Wendigos are considered by Native Americans to be Otherworldly, and on the same stop as the marrows that inhabit the spirit world alongside the Creator. Origins and Folklore The earliest reference to Wendigo occurs as an accounting entry in the Powhatan dictionary appended to Stracheys Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania.The original word was wintekowa, meaning owl in Algonquian. For many natives, especially member of the Cree Nation, Owl calls were precursors of the deaths of man-to-mans, and thus owls were seen as the sign of a coming Wendigo. Owls, like Wendigos, are formidable predators and possess large glistenin g eyes, and therefore became synonymous with the same (Brightman 341). The word Wendigo itself is derived from the Cree word wihtikowiw, meaning he eat greedily, which may explain the reason why ost believed to be Wendigos were degage from the association before they consumed everything the community had. Native American Tribes lived in harmony with the land and the creatures around them. All tribes believed that upsetting the natural coif of the world would cause severe disarray and eventually would lead to the destruction of the world. To counter this, hunters and gatherers would take only what they needed, waste nothing, and praise the creator for allowing them to be worthy to take such.Animals were held in high regard, not only for their gifts of food, clothing, and other materials, but also for the powers endowed upon them by the creator. Eating the flesh of an animal was said to move to persons, under appropriate circumstances, desired attributes of the species. For exam ple, raw moose blood is said to impart onto the hunter a kind of invisibility relative to the perceptions of game animals, thus allowing the hunter greater luck in the triple-crown hunting of animals due to his increased stealthy abilities (Brightman 364).Like the flesh of any other animal, human flesh was believed to possess a Great Spirit power that is acquired through consumption of the tissue or organs. Eating human flesh would exacerbate the powers already present in the human consumer endowing the Wendigo physical and spiritual abilities to overcome and eat human prey. In essence, a humans abilities were multiplied and would eventually cause them to expand out of control and transform the person into a Wendigo (Brightman 364).The Wendigo often appears in stories in legends, but unlike most other mythical creatures, its purpose was less to teach moral values, and more to impart upon members of a community the consequences from straying from the natural order of life and defian ce of the rules of the community. There are three kinds of stories in which a Wendigo is a part of. The first kind of story, involves a Wendigo which may be presented as a reflexion of the environment the spirit is a spirit of place. In these stories, meeting up with a Wendigo carries no more moral weight than meeting up with a bear.If you get eaten, about all that can be said of you is that you ought to have been less unlucky (Atwood 86). In the second kind of story, a Wendigo appears as a warning or as a message to the protagonist. In these stories, if you get eaten by a Wendigo, the sense of hearing doesnt feel sorry for you, because it was your own fault for getting eaten. These stories served to send the message that if you behaved and followed the rules like you were hypothetical to, such a thing would never happen to you (Atwood 86).The third kind of story the Wendigo is a sherd of the protagonists psyche, and represents part of their subconscious that is made public to te ach a lesson. In these stories, human beings who have plump a Wendigo have not actually transformed, but in fact worried so much that the creature they have feared or dreamed about splits off from the rest of their personality, destroys it, and sounds manifested through the persons body (Atwood 86). These were used to teach lessons in regards to gluttony, loneliness, and other behaviors seen by natives to be unnatural and destructive.Wendigo stories express the danger and isolation of living in the subarctic wilderness as well as taboos against cannibalism (Ferrara 77). The Wendigo was seen as the avatar of winter, hunger, spiritual selfishness, and isolation (Atwood 85). Winter is a time of scarcity in both food and warmth, and was considered by the natives to be one of the most necessary times for a community to band in concert to survive the harshness. A scarcity of materials would give rise to hunger forcing people to either share what they had with each other for the good of the group, or hoard what they had for their own sakes.The choice to hoard, and act of selfishness, was seen as an act of defiance not only against a group, but the Creator himself. The penalty for such a choice was being ostracized and isolated from the remainder of the community, and in some cases, death. Transformation According to lore, there are quaternity recorded ways to be transformed into a Wendigo, either human or non-human. Most methods of transformation include large amounts of stress or pain, both affable and physical, and a long transformation period that may not occur all at once.In order to become a non-human Wendigo, one must either be born a Wendigo, or be eaten by a Wendigo. Although an individual Wendigo may once have been a man or a woman, once fully transformed they no longer have any evidence of gender (Atwood 84). Because of this, there is no recorded lore of Wendigos ever giving deport to new Wendigos, other than the Pawnee origins legend in regards to Wendigos inhabiting the world before man. Because of this, most non-human Wendigos are said to be the originals that have survived for hundreds of years. The other method is to be eaten by a Wendigo and have our now evil spirit enter the otherworld. A person suffering this fate becomes the Native equivalent of a Demon and possesses humans through dreams and concepts. Thoughts of the Wendigo are said to drive a person mad with anxiety about sightly a Wendigo, to the point that they give in to the desires to consume other people (Ferrara 79). Native Shamans were notorious in legends for using their ability to communicate with the spirits in order to send one of these creatures into the dreams of another, thus tormenting them with the thought of being transformed.To become a human Wendigo is much worse a fate than a non-human Wendigo. To become such, a human must either consume human flesh, or be bitten by a Wendigo. The reason for the consumption of human flesh is irrelevant, as soo n as it passes your lips, you fate is essentially sealed. Legends of this kind of transformation speak of people starving from a lack of food, who eventually give in to the desire for food and eat their companions or family members. Like the stories of the Loup Garou or French word for werewolf, a Wendigo bite served as another way for one to be transformed into one of these creatures.However, unlike werewolves, a human was unable to transform back into a human once the transformation had begun (Podruchny 681). Both being bitten and the consumption of human flesh was said to not be instantaneous but rather a lengthy process, signaled by a period of strange emotions and behaviors by the possessed person that served as a series of warnings to others (Ferrara 79). The Wendigo in Reality In 1767, Alexander henry observed an Ojibwa man who had killed and eaten four relatives during a food crisis. Henry recorded the actions of the tribe in his journal. The Indians entertain an opinion th at the man who has once made human flesh his food will never afterwards be satisfied with any other He ate with relish nothing that was given to him but, indifferent to the food prepared, fixed his eyes continually on the children which were in the Indian lodge, and frequently exclaimed, How fat they are Be this as it may, his behavior was considered, and not less naturally, as marked with the most alarming symptoms and the Indians, apprehensive that he would prey on these children, resolved on place him to death (Brightman 348). The tribe was so scared of the unnaturalness of the mans actions that they had him killed. Not unlike the Salem glamour Trials, those suspected of being a Wendigo were given little or no chance to defend themselves. They were flat outcast from the group and treated like they were infected with some sort of disease. In many cases, acts of cannibalism were not actually witnessed, but rather reported by the suspected individual or other persons, or didnt e ven occur at all. In seventy cases reported, 44 involved an actual act of cannibalism.In 26 cases, or 37 percent the potential Wendigo either recovered or was killed to prevent cannibalism (Rohrl 98). near the time of Freud, psychologists began to analyze the stories and multiple cases regarding the Wendigo. Many noted that the common link between most cases was a psychological weakness and breakdown of the normally functioning personality (Ridington 107). From these psychologists, emerged the term Wendigo Psychosis which was used to describe the affable state of persons suspected or convicted of being a Wendigo.People suspected of suffering from this were often described as being Bushed or suffering from Cabin Fever (Atwood 87). For most, in order to reach such a breakdown of mind required large amounts of time spent apart from others, usually in harsh or near fatal conditions. The compulsive desire and craving for human flesh that appears in many of the Wendigo cases may point t o a psychotic breakdown of normal emotions, motivations, and satisfactions in people who kill or are killed as cannibal monsters.However, unlike many other psychotic breakdowns, Wendigo behavior it is believed to be genuine and real by the members of society as well as by the afflicted individual (Ridington 128). More recently however, another possible reason for the actions of those believed to be Wendigos was uncovered, a lack of proper diet. Meat, and especially fatty meat, is essential to the diet of the Eskimo and of Northern Athapaskan Indians. Researchers claimed that a fat deficiency could lead to headache, and, in four to eight weeks, ultimately death (Rohrl 100).Was the reason for the actions of some not necessarily motivated by extreme hunger, but rather a lack of proper nutrition? It has been demonstrated that a drop in the blood sugar level can lead to many psychic phenomena, including depressive states, anxiety, and other symptoms that have been lumped together as neur oses (Rohrl 100). The accepted conclusion is that although persons suffering from Wendigo Psychosis have experienced a large amount of mental stress, the fearsome creature itself does not in fact exist.Like many other mythological creatures, the Wendigo was placed in Native American legend to explain things that the natives could not understand at the time, and to enforce the rules of the community. Psychologist Lou Marano ultimately went advance in a 1982 article stating that Wendigos had never existed, at least as people overcome by cannibal desires. Instead, he adopted a functionalist interpretation (influenced by scholarship on the Salem enamour trials), arguing that the Wendigo was a phenomenon that allowed Algonquians to kill the marginal, the mentally ill, and the unpopular (Smallman 575).Works Cited Atwood, Margret. Cannibal Lecture. Saturday Night 110. 9 (1995) 81-90. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Brightman, Robert A. The Windigo in the Material World. Ethnohistory 35. 4 (1 988) 337-79. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Carlson, Nathan D. Reviving Witiko (Windigo) An Ethnohistory of Cannibal Monsters in the Athabasca District of Northern Alberta, 18781910. Ethnohistory 56. 3 (2009) 355-94. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ferrara, Nadia, and Guy Lanoue. The Self in Northern Canadian Hunting Societies Cannibals and Other Monsters as Agents of Healing. Anthropologica 46. 1 (2004) 69-83. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Grinnell, George Bird. Pawnee Mythology. Journal of American Folklore 6. 21 (1893) 113-30. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Podruchny, Carolyn. Werewolves and Windigos Narratives of Cannibal Monsters in French-Canadian Voyageur Oral Tradition. Ethnohistory 51. 4 (2004) 677-700. Project Muse. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Rohrl, Vivian J. A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis. American Anthropologist ns 72. 1 (1970) 97-101. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Ridington, Robin. Wechuge and Windigo A Comparison of Cannibal Belief among Boreal Forest Athapaskans and Algonkians. Anthr opologica ns 18. 2 (1976) 107-29. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. Smallman, Shawn. Spirit Beings, Mental Illness, and Murder Fur Traders and the Windigo in Canadas Boreal Forest, 1774 to 1935. Ethnohistory 57. 4 (2010) 371-95. Duke Journals. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. . Smith, Theresa S. and Fiore, Jill M. Landscape as Narrative, Narrative as Landscape. Studies in American Indian Literatures 22. 4 (2010) 58-80. JSTOR. Web. 28 Mar. 2013.

Therapeutic Recreation

healing(predicate) Recreation is the conceptionful utilization or enhancement of vacuous time as a way to increase a persons overall wellness, well being, or quality of life. healing(predicate) Recreation computer programs for cordial illness may have seasonal classes in many beas that may overwhelm exercise, swim, adapted karate and crafts. Therapeutic digression programs atomic number 18 specifically designed for undivideds with disabilities. Groups ar usually small and the referenceicipant to staff ratio is appropriate to the needs of the group.The activities atomic number 18 planned to meet the interest of the participants and cover song tooth be singularized. In contrary communities there argon different things for wad with mental illness to do. In some community they n wiztheless have jobs people crapper do to get them back in the community and working. Lamar Missouri has loads of programs that put people that have mental illness in jobs. I have tear down talked to the double-decker for Mc Donald and he has put to work people with mental illness and he said to me they are the best dam workers I think I have.Even in Pittsburg Kansas they have programs to put clients into the work clothe and allow them make some money. Some people see working in society are jobs simply the clients see it as a way to get out of the house and they savour it to an completion I would say it is cheer. Some general divagation programs may be adapted to include a person with a disability using auxiliary aids and services, but the structure of the activity, group size of it and staff remains the same.Making it a little harder on the staff and the staff are not equal to(p) to provide one to one assistance or spareized support to an extent. Some places there are programs and activities that can suit all durations, interests, and skill dos. Activities include swimming classes, craft classes, trips, camps, childrens programs, special events, and vary offerings every season. One program I was reading about was dancing. It is for ages 15 and up with mental illness. You bound to a world of rhythm and engage in playful rhythmic movement for fitness and coordination.Includes commercial enterprise dances, circle dances, folk dances. Designed especially for teens, and adults with developmental disabilities, that one was for a person with senior high schooler gamingction. at that place are programs a person with lower functioning can dance to as well. You can claim that program and modify a little and make it for any one or any age very easily. The program I was reading made people pay for the programs but with some much(prenominal) modifications and some sponsors it could be all free. Some places they have ides facilitate the individuals with mental illness into programs at their resemblance recreation spirits, assuring that cities and parks and recreation programs are accessible and us sufficient by all citizens. cellu lar inclusion aides conduct assessments, develop cultures for participation, and provide necessary support, including increased supervision aims, adapting games and activities and training of recreation center staff, to ensure that the needs of the person with disabilities are being met.Volunteers are a very important part of the therapeutic recreation services program. In many areas there are a variety of inform opportunities are available for those ages thirteen and up including students needing service hours. I dont know if the program is in this area yet but there is a program Specialized Recreational curriculum Parenting with love and logic. This program is for parents, and teachers it is a user friendly and often highly successful program that is heavy wrapped in empathy but soles not shield children from consequences of their actions.It empowers children to solve their problems and help parents change their behaviors to relieve puree and pressure. Of course nothing work s all the time, but this anecdotal program and the expertise of your presenter will, in a safe and nonthreatening environment, invite you to change the only person you can change, yourself. I think that program would be great for parent that dont really know how to deal with their children or even the ones that think they do even if it dont work it still gave them a little much knowledge. It will give them another outlook on how to teach their child.Therapeutic RecreationTherapeutic recreation is a handling service designed to restore, remediate and rehabilitate a persons direct of functioning and independence in life. According to WHO- The world wellness organisation, health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase construe over, and to improve their health. wellness promotion represents a comprehensive friendly and governmental process, it not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals but also the action direct ed towards ever-changing the social, environmental and economic conditions.The Ottawa Charter identifies common chord basic strategies for health promotion. These advocacys for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above enabling all people to contact their full potential, and mediating amongst the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. In order to promote healthy lifestyles in a population or an individual a number of perplexs have been created. For this study both the vacuous Ability gravel and the wellness trade protection/Health advancement regulate are being looked at and compared. The first of these models being looked at is the Health Protection/Health procession Model.This model, created by capital of Texas 1991, sees the purpose of therapeutic recreation as facilitating the client to recover following a threat to health such(prenominal) as drug addiction, alcohol addiction, psychiatric disorder etc, also known as health p rotection, and to achieve optimal health through health promotion. Hence for this reason this models chief aim is to use activity, recreation or leisure to help people to deal with problems that serve as barriers to health and assist them to endeavor for their highest directs of wellness, (Austin, 1997). There are four major concepts that underlie the Health Protection/ Health Promotion Model (HPHPM).These are the Humanistic Perspective, High-level Wellness, The Stabilisation and Actualisation Tendencies and Health. Humanistic Perspective- Those who embrace the human-centered scene believe that each of us has the responsibility for his/her own health and the capacity for making self-directed tonic choices about our own individual health status. Because an individual is responsible for their own health it is important to come on individuals to become involved in decision making and to gather maximum knowledge to improve their health.Austin encourages that the population are ac tive participants in the world, rather than passive puppets controlled by the environment. The humanistic opinion focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, and humanistic theorists focus on methods that allow fulfilment of an individuals potential. High-Level Wellness- The term high level wellness was first coined by Dr. Halbert Dunn in his book in 1961, he defined it as an structured method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable.Dunns concept of high level wellness is, like the humanistic perspective is a holistic approach that goes beyond the absence seizure of physical illness to include both psychological and environmental wellness. For this reason Austin surmises that high level wellness goes beyond traditional medicine and toward helping people to achieve as high a level of wellness as they are capable of achieving. Austin get ahead goes on to compare the similarities amidst high level wellness and therapeutic recreation as both have been heavily influenced by the humanistic perspective.Stabilisation and Actualisation Tendencies- These are two motivational forces which the Health Protection/ Health Promotion Model are based on. Stabilising tendencies helps to maintain a steady state of an individual. It looks at care the stress levels of an individuals life at a maintainable level and not to let the stressors in a persons life to spiral out of control leading to health risk behaviour (HRB), hence for this reason stabilization tendencies is the driving force behind Health Protection.The recognition tendency drives a person towards health promotion which focuses on achieving an individuals high level of wellness. Health- health is the final underlying concept of The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model. The ultimate goal of this concept is to help a client to strive toward health promotion. Penders (1996) definition of health incorporates stabilisation and actualisation tendencies, therefore interlinking health with the previous underlying concept of the model.For this reason healthy people can cope with lifes stressors and encourages clients to optimise their own health rather than improving their health just to recover form illness. Austin (1997) believes that those who enjoy health have the opportunity to pursue the highest levels of person-to-person growth and development. Having looked at the underlying concepts of the model there are three broad areas of a continuum to be understood in order to design a therapeutic recreation program for any client. These are i. Prescriptive activities When clients initially encounter illnesses or disorders, often they become self-absorbed.The therapeutic recreation personnel, at this coiffe of the continuum must provide direction and structure to the client as means of an intervention due to a feeling of helplessness that can ultimately produce severe depression . ii. Recreation Through recreation, clients begin to come up their equilibrium disrupted by stressors so that they may once again resume their quest for actualization. They pip part in intrinsically motivated recreation experiences that produce a sense of mastery and achievement within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere.Mutual participation on behalf of the client and the TRP occurs and the client begins to have fun and find new ways to interact with others. iii. Leisure This is a means to self-actualization because it allows people to have self-determined opportunities to blow a fuse themselves by successfully using their abilities to meet challenges. This salute is based on The Leisure Ability Model whereby they look at leisure unsocial as a means of therapeutic recreation. At this stage of the continuum, clients assume primary responsibility for their own health.So from looking this model ultimately it can be said that health and actualization are intimately intert wined. The attainment of high level wellness permits actualization. Those who enjoy peak health are free of barriers to actualization so that they may actively pursue ain growth and development. When clients are initially taking part in a program based on this model they have a learned helplessness and take a lack of responsibility but as they move down the continuum they assume primary responsibility for themselves. The Leisure Ability Model.The second model being discussed is The Leisure Ability Model. The Leisure Ability Model (LAM) which was draw up by Peterson and Gunne in 1984 focuses on leisure as a prevention of illness rather than the use of medication. This model can be used hand in hand with The HPHPM or can be used alone when designing a therapeutic recreation program to demote a health risk behaviour. Peterson and Gunne, when designing this model thought that recreation and leisure are necessary experiences that all people should enjoy and take part in, including thos e with limitations or disabilities both physical and mental.The purpose of the model is therefore to facilitate the development, maintenance and scene of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals or groups with physical, emotional, mental or social limitations. The LAM offers an alternative to more traditional medical models for those with special needs. The Leisure Ability Model was constructed with the belief that the end product of therapeutic recreation services for clients was improved independent and satisfying leisure functioning, also referred to as a leisure lifestyle (Peterson, 1981, 1989 Peterson & Gunn, 1984).Similar to the HPHPM, the Leisure ability model also has a number of underlying concepts, these include Learned Helplessness, Intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and causal attribution, Choice and finally Flow. Learned Helplessness- Many individuals with disabilities and/ or illnesses experience learned helplessness. This could be learned during childhood when others did things for the individual, or through repeated exposure to settings where one learned to become a passive patient upon whom procedures were performed according to a routine.Learned helplessness robs the individual of a sense of mastery and self-determination but is also beyond that individuals control. later on having experienced life so far as helplessness in one leisure activity, a person may firmly believe that he or she is abnormal, inadequate, and lacks basic skills in that activity. As a consequence, the person believes that they are handicapped to participate in this activity and this belief may then reason to personal performance in other areas of leisure behaviour.Iso-Ahola (1980) reports that there are three consequences of learned helplessness, these are i. A lack of internal motivation to escape the conditions which lead to the state of helplessness. ii. A lack of cognitive understanding of personal effectiveness, iii. A heightened state of e motionality. Intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control and causal attribution- The three concepts of intrinsic motivation, locus of control and personal attribution are intricately linked, and help to explain the primer coat for the provision of therapeutic recreation services.All individuals are intrinsically motivated towards behaviour in which they can experience competence and self-determination. This process is continual and through skill acquisition and mastery, produces feelings of satisfaction, competence, and control. An internal locus of control implies that the individual takes responsible for the behaviour and consequences which may occur from the behaviour. The opposite of this is external locus of behaviour i. e. sledding others take the blame for your own mistakes.Personal attribution implies that the individual accepts that they can affect the outcome of a situation, they can make a decision that matters somehow to something. Without a sense of personal causa tion, the likelihood of the individual developing learned helplessness (the feeling that external others are in control) increases greatly. Choice- The Leisure Ability Model also relies heavily on the concept of choice. Choice implies that the individual has the knowledge, skills and attitudes which facilitate choice and the desire to choose.This suggests liberty, freedom from constraints and freedom to exercise an option to an individual that initially felt restricted. The Leisure Ability Model emphasizes glut areas that help clients build skills in a variety of areas which, in turn, should allow them options for future independent leisure functioning. Flow- A fourth, closely related concept is that of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1990). Flow suggests a state of balance wheel between skill level and activity challenge which leads to a level of concentration and energy expenditure which is entrancing or consummating in form.When skill level is high and activity challenge is low, the i ndividual is quite probable to be bored. When the skill level is low and the activity challenge is high, the individual is most likely to be anxious leading to an uneven flow. A therapeutic recreation personnel must attempt to balance both to keep flow. These areas of understanding are important for the therapeutic recreation personnel to be able to design a series of coherent, organized programs that meet client needs and move the client further toward an independent and satisfactory leisure lifestyle.The Leisure Ability Model contains three major categories of service treatment or rehabilitation which is directed towards therapy and/or rehabilitation, leisure education revolves around the development of activity skills and social interaction skills as well as issues for leisure counselling, and special recreation which involves the provision of recreation programs for members of special groups such as autism or down syndrome.Each of these three service areas is based on unambigu ous client needs and has specific purposes, expected behaviour of clients, roles of the specialist, and targeted client outcomes. As with The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model these service areas operate along a continuum. The clients role in special recreation programs includes greater decision making and increased self-regulated behaviour. As with the HPHPM the client has increased freedom of choice and his or her motivation is largely intrinsic without the dictatorship of a TRP.In conclusion, from having looked at and critically compared and evaluated both The Health Protection/Health Promotion Models and The Leisure Ability, The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model appears to be an extension of The Leisure Ability Model. The Leisure Ability Models ultimate goal is leisure compared to The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model uses leisure as the final means towards its ultimate goal of optimal health. When designing a therapeutic recreation program, the therapeutic recreation personnel may go back and forth between the models in order for the program to be client specific.